Controlling Organized Crime Paper - 1163 Words

Controlling Organized Crime Paper CJA/ 384 August 19, 2013 Controlling Organized Crime Paper Organized crime is an issue that has existed for many years and continues to be on the rise especially with the technology that we have today. Well – known criminal organizations include; Italian Mafia, Russian Mobsters, Nuestra Familia, Mexican Mafia, The Hell’s Angels, The Bandidos, John Gotti, Al Capone, and so much more. One of the most famous criminal organizations are the Gambino Family in which John Gotti was said to be the â€Å"Godfather† of the family and was the most powerful criminal in America. That being said, this is just one group can you imagine how many others who operate in our neighborhoods and worldwide? These groups†¦show more content†¦More and more, they are literally becoming partners in crime, realizing they have more to gain from cooperating than competing.† Many problems are caused by organized crime every day. Criminal organizations are really sophisticated and manipulative. They are constantly examined by law enforcement officials which forces them to be furtive, secretive, and cautious. One major problem that we have is the victims that are or have been a target for the organized crime activities. Crimes include; drug trafficking, gambling, prostitution, and more. Crimes such as these involve individuals who are buyers and seller who are labeled as a willing participant. Communities that are faced with this problem are labeled as the victim because of how organized criminals make their money. The community takes a hit especially when crimes involve, violence, swindling, or thievery. According to Lyman amp; Potter (2007), â€Å"Clearly, criminal associates are often victimized by organized crime members, but law-abiding citizens are also victimized in a number of ways. First, citizens are sometimes the direct victims of organi zed crime enterprises (violence, extortion, intimidation, etc.). Second, billions of dollars of tax revenue from organized crime go uncollected (estimated at $37 billion in lost taxes every year), resulting in higher tax rates for law-abiding citizens. Third, expenses related to law enforcement, criminal prosecution, and imprisonment ofShow MoreRelatedControlling Organized Crime Paper1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Controlling Organized Crime Tina Martin-Fleming CJA/384 February 19, 2015 Charles Davis Organized crime groups have been around since the 1900’s. The mafia who came from Italy and other countries to the United States started their business and became a nuisance over a period. The mob became a problem for society with their illegal activities such as gambling, racketeering and prostitution that includes other violent behaviors. The mafia was famous for manipulating individuals with theirRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1200 Words   |  5 PagesControlling Organize Crime Paper Louis Pierre CJA/384 May 6, 2013 University of phoenix Professor: Glen Winters Controlling Organize Crime Paper Organize crime is a conspiratorial activity involving the coordination of numerous people in the planning and execution of illegal acts or in the pursuit of a legitimate objective by unlawful means, for example, threatening a legitimate business to get stake in it. However, organize crime involves continuous commitment by primary members, althoughRead MoreImproving Law Enforcements Approach to Combating Organized Crime1302 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Organized crime involves a group of people made up of several ethnicities and international unions, who coordinate as well as work in unison, apart, or in line with legal enterprises alongside political realms. Many analysts have concurred that organized crime is both an impediment to academic projects and a realistic social issue that obligates urgent solution. Strategies implemented to limit organized crime often tend to be inclined towards one form of the two approaches. One of theRead MoreControlling Organized Crime1363 Words   |  6 PagesControlling Organized Crime CJA384 Controlling Organized Crime Since the 1990’s, organized crime has become a problem among U.S. citizens. The Mafia was the earliest group to show its strengths of power and manipulation among citizens and business of New York City. From the time of the Mafia’s rise, other criminal organizations have surfaced using their power to corrupt personal within business for the gain of finance and political strength. In today society, one of the main question whenRead MoreEssay on Controlling Organized Crime1564 Words   |  7 PagesControlling Organized Crime CJA/393 Criminal Organizations June 1, 2010 Controlling Organized Crime In this paper, I will identify the problems presented and the various relationships established by organized crime. I will also describe the legal limitations associated with combating organized crime, and include a critique of major federal laws and strategies that support this effort. Lastly, I will suggest a solution to control organized crime by discussing and evaluating the effectivenessRead MoreGlobal Crime Analysis1134 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Crimes Analysis University of Phoenix Cynthia Butler CJA/394 April 16, 2012 This paper will identify the various major global crimes and criminal issues that affect national and international criminal justice systems and processes. In addition, there will be a comparison and contrast of the different criminal justice systems and how they have addressed major global crimes and criminal issues. Global crime is an issue that threatens the safety andRead MoreEssay on La Cosa Nostra1240 Words   |  5 Pagesman’s bed. It is this tradition and brutality that characterizes the Mafia, a secret Sicilian society that lives and functions just as much today on American soil as it did and does still in Italy. To understand this organized crime, one must begin to understand how it came to be organized in the first place. During the medieval times in Sicily, Arabs invaded the land and native Sicilians fled and took refuge in the hills. Some of these refugees formed a secret society that gave protection to the peopleRead MoreSir Robert Peel Paper920 Words   |  4 Pageshas evolved overtime; in this paper I will describe the impact of Sir Robert Peel on the evolution of policing and its history. Sir Robert Peel Paper Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850) updated Englands criminal code. He established the first modern police force in London, whose members were nicknamed after him bobbies. Sir Robert Peel wanted a police force that would provide citizens with â€Å"the full and complete protection of the law†andâ€Å"check the increase of crime.† Sir Robert Peel pushed throughRead MoreEnglish Heritage in Policing945 Words   |  4 PagesIvon Martinez What is our English Heritage in policing? Paper CJA/214 Intro to Police Theory amp; Practices Rudy Pichardo November 30, 2011 The American system of law and criminal justice was borrowed from the English. The first references to an English criminal justice or law enforcement system appeared some 1,000 years earlier than Sir Robert Peel established the first English police department in 1829. England’s King Alfred the Great was preparing his Kingdom for a Danish invasion;Read MoreMarijuana Decriminalization Essay1420 Words   |  6 Pagesindustry have missed the opportunity to capitalize on marijuana and hemp. Also, this law has impeded the Canadian public’s right to use marijuana to alleviate suffering and to treat illness, and it has subjected Canadians citizens to an element of organized crime. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Initially, before marijuana criminalization, Canadians had no major social issues relating to marijuana that required government intervention. Canadians did use marijuana to achieve a â€Å"high†, but then again people

Persuasive Essay On Communication - 1471 Words

Geneva Gilley Professor Arreaga 1311 [Date] How can speech better my communication? Communication is one of the important tools that help us to connect with people. Whether you are a student or a working professional, smooth communication is something that will take you far ahead. The right communication can help you to solve a number of issues and resolve problems as well, this is the reason that one should know how to communicate well. The skills of communication need to be developed so that you are able to interact with people share your thoughts and reach out to them. All this requires the correct guidance and self-analysis as well.What is it if you don’t have a feeling to what one says, are you truly grasping what†¦show more content†¦Ss skin conductance (SC) was monitored during the experiment, and they had been rated by 2 teachers on a new scale of affect expression developed from H. E. Jones s (1935) externalizer/internalizer distinction. High communication accuracy was associated with low SC responding. Rated expressiveness was associated with high communication accuracy and low SC responding. Sex differences appeared in the pattern of relations between the affect expression scale and the measures of communication accuracy and SC response. Theoretical implications are discussed. APA PsycNET read. Even at 4 years old there are nonverbal messages sent. This class helps our social skill. Even if we don’t know that we are doing we can know what it is like and how to conclude whether it s happening. To judge or harass somebody based on their beliefs such as what race, or sexuality. Is to say that all reds starburst tastes bad because it is cherry which that would be wrong because some are strawberry. Did you know not even medical services are the same for different race? To assess the public’s perceptions and attitudes about racial and ethnic differences in health care, the Kaiser Family Foundation surveyed a nationally representative sample of 3,884 whites, African Americans, and Latinos in 1999. The survey found that the majority of Americans are uninformed about health care disparities—many were unaware that blacks fare worse than whites on measures such as infant mortality and lifeShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay : Persuasive Communication859 Words   |  4 PagesPersuasive communication is directly involved in education. Teachers have to be persuasive or the students won’t learn. Authority is a defining concept that must be utilized in education, or t he system cannot run properly. Authority manifests itself in several ways within the education system for an educator. On one hand, the educator is an authority figure to the students that she teaches. On the other hand, teachers are not the authority figure when it comes to administrators. Superintendents andRead More3 Inherited Behaviors Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesEssay on Three inherited Behaviors of E-tailing Communication 470 Michael Zarvos September, 5, 2012 By: Aisha Syed E-commerce or Electronic Commerce has become a part of our everyday lives. The growth of World Wide Web is growing, more and more each day. Businesses practicallyRead Moreminimum wage1601 Words   |  7 Pagesminimum wage needs to increase at this time. We need to look at the reasons for minimum wage. We must look at the amount of time the current minimum wage has been in effect. The affect on the economy needs to be well...Premium 892 Words 4 Pages Persuasive Research on Minimum Wage ï » ¿Lee Prutsman Sarah Hannaway Expository 200 April 1, 2013 All About the Dollar Many Americans have very different beliefs on how our country should be ran, and one of the most important and most frequently asked questionsRead MoreWhat Is Public Relations ( Pr )?1492 Words   |  6 Pagesconnection with media, communication, news, advertising, marketing and even other fields, meaning that with the evolution and development of the society, science, technology and media, the definition of PR is changing as well. Nowadays, the prevalence of information age and the rise of the new media age may become key factors of defining what is PR and how PR is applied. Shirley Harrison who is a famous person in the history of PR, she claims that â€Å"Public relations is a persuasive activity, undertakenRead MoreThe A Deep Bruise, A Black Eye, And A Bloody Nose1509 Words   |  7 PagesA deep bruise, a black eye, and a bloody nose. Three distinct signs of violence. These are the prominent features the actress wears within the PSA I chose for this analysis. In this essay, I will discuss the primary message within the announcement. I will then identify the purpose of the video and to whom this PSA is directed. I will analyze the communicational techniques, as well as the type of speech within the video. Prove how the video is effective and decide its ethicality. Finally, I will concludeRead MorePersuasive Essays : Persuasive Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesI began this class, I loved to write persuasive essays. I loved to write about my own opinions and I was quite good at convincing people to agree with my stand points. To convince others to agree on my point of view was an extraordinary feeling. I am very good at getting my point across and giving my reasons on why I feel the way I do about a certain situation. I loved writing persuasive essays because I love to read them as well. I love how persuasive essays have a call-to-action; gi ving the readersRead MoreCulture and Cultural Adaptation Essay913 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of intercultural communication. Communication for two people from different cultures is very challenging to some extent. The notion of culture is very sophisticated. In addition, many studies have been conducted which indicate that every person to some degree experiences ‘culture shock’. Culture shock itself depends on several factors, namely the distance between cultures, type of personality and previous experiences in intercultural communication. This essay considers the work of DanishRead MoreSkills Required For A Successful Entrepreneur1157 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunities and to spot any flaw that may be harmful for the business. Thinking critically enables entrepreneurs to overcome their assumptions about the situation and also their point of view so that they will not be driven by their biases. Persuasive communication skills. Entrepreneurs need to excel at persuasion, because persuasion could make the difference between success and failure of a new venture. If they want their idea to become real and successful, entrepreneurs have to be able to persuadeRead MorePersuasive Writing1044 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays persuasive writing is one of the most common types of writings used in the world. It contains only one or perhaps several arguments and offers support for the main claim in order to convince the reader of the writer’s opinion. The primary focus is to change the way the reader thinks about a specific argumentation or claim. In order to obtain desirable results, the writer needs to be aware of the audience the script could have, and the general purpose of the writing itself. For instance,Read MoreExamples Of Persuasive Speech On Adoption882 Words   |  4 Pagesadopted and can have problem in communication with their new parents. The main principle of child adoption is to adopt child for his total benefit, but not for the benefit of the parents. If the third person reveals to the child the information about the adoption without the will of the adopter, it is supposed to be a crime. Child adoption is a magnificent opportunity for the abandoned child to find a new family which would love and take care of him. A quality persuasive essay is supposed to observe the

Ethical Analysis Prudence and Morality

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Analysis for Prudence and Morality. Answer: Introduction: The importance of making an ethical decision, in crucial times becomes very difficult. Nevertheless, often tempted by the present situation, or in order to survive in the present moment, an individual resorts to a morally wrong course of action. As an Application Manager working on a project, I have also been compelled to resort to an ethically unjust course of action. While working on a project with the help of a leading edge technology, I have encountered a serious problem in finishing off with my work in a given point. Since the project has been using a time consuming technology, I have been unable to complete or even make a slight progress in the implementation of the project. However, I have not been able to communicate the technical problems to the senior management system, and consequently they had been unaware of the progress despite the fact that the senior management had kept on funding the project despite the lack of progress. Further, while the senior management asked us to explain the progress in written form, left with almost no alternative, I deemed it right to present a set of predetermined results to the management authority. Though this was a deceitful step, the senior management was unable to identify the misrepresented facts, and kept on funding. However, I intend to conduct an ethical analysis of the action perpetrated by me to determine my future course of action. Given the specific situation, I have perpetrated an action that cannot be regarded to be morally correct. The first fact that proves this is that I kept on deceiving the senior management authority, by pretending that I had been working on the project, as a result of which I kept on receiving funds. However, what was even morally worse is that despite being asked in person about the progress of the project, I held back the fact that the progress of the project had remained on a halt. However, an important fact that should be noted here is that this would have required me to contradict the project manager, I am currently working under, and this might result in the loss of my employment as well. As far as the issues are concerned, I had perpetrated an action that has involved the deceit of a group of people, and I had manipulated my way to remain good in the eyes of the management authority. I have lied and pretended that I have made remarkable progress in my projects though I have not done the same. However, Socrates does not consider any action to be ethically wrong because it is traditionally considered to be wrong by the majority, but rather has put forward the distinctive Socratian thought (Gasper 2016). Challenging the commonplace ideas about what a right action constitutes, Socrates put forward that it is important for a perpetrator to have self-confidence in his course of action, and to scrutinize its impact on the society in a detached way. Hence, the point is the goodness of an action cannot be simply determined by commonplace, socially constructed terms like pretension, lies and deceit (Berman 2014). Though I may have lied, my purpose has never been to deceive the management authority. Rather, owing to the technical problems, my project was delayed. Of course, the point still remains that I could have informed them about the lack of progress, but yet I was directed by my Project Manager to write the program, writing about the success of the technology. I did not deem it right to oppose my Project Manager, and hence I chose it right to keep myself quiet. However, if I have to consider what Confucius said I cannot justify my action. According to the Confucian philosophy, to see what is right, and yet not choosing the right path, is a moral flaw that exhibits lack of courage and sheer hypocrisy. Hence, I should have told my Project Manager that it is ethically a wrong choice to misrepresent facts to the senior management authority (Kuo 2014). It is also important to find out the people or the party who would get affected by my action. First of all, the senior management authority will be primarily affected by the action, as they have been deceived to believe that the project has made remarkable progress. Hence, though they have funded and are continuing to fund the project, their financial investment is not likely to bring about any change in the completion of my project. As a result, the senior management authority would suffer from a financial loss, without the project bringing them any concrete benefit. The stakeholders of the company would also suffer from a potential loss in case we are unable to complete the project within the given time (Hudson 2016). However, though primarily the management authority would get affected, it is undeniable that I as well as my project manager will also get affected gradually. In case we are unable to complete the project within the given time, we will be questioned and might be accus ed of having misrepresented facts, leading to a huge penalty, such as suspension or even termination of service. The ethical implications of the action perpetrated by me are complex and multiple. As far as I am concerned, I had very limited ethical choices to make my decision from. In case I would have taken the path of honesty and integrity, telling every problem to the senior managers, my project manager might have been disgruntled by my action. On the other hand, lying to my senior management is also an ethically wrong option as well. However, my action can be justified in terms of Aristotelian theory of Virtue Ethics. According to Aristotle, an action can be defined to be virtuous if it is done in the right way for the right goal. In other words, a virtuous person may fail terribly if he merely tries to show his courage by speaking up the right thing in a wrong situation (Yu 2013). For instance, if I would have told my senior managers that owing to the adoption of a time-consuming technology, our project implementation is being delayed, I might just get myself in trouble. This is because my senior managers might not have any confidence in my expertise, and further this might also upset my project manager, as he would have expected me to conform to his decision. Hence, if the Aristotelian theory of virtue ethics is to be considered, my action can be justified as an ethically correct option. This is because the right action is the mid-point between extremes. Virtue consists of telling what needs to be told, that what can be told (Kenny 2016). Hence, it is an ethical choice to remain quiet about the technical problems for the time-being, as we have not deceived anyone with the purpose of robbing their money. Our project team has tried and will try to complete the project within the given time. In the mean time, the exposure of facts would have ruined the situation, by creating an atmosphere of confusion and distrust. However, again if I have to consider the moral theory of Confucius, my point action can be regarded to be morally unethical. According to Confucius theory, a virtuous person is he, who first tries to overcome his problems, and later he reflects about his success. However, in my case I considered my career first, and realizing that speaking the truth might offend my senior managers as well as my project manager, I considered it right to keep quiet about the entire situation (Cooper 2015). However, I should have prioritized my obligation towards the company I am working for, instead of trying to save my day. Again, my action can also be justified to be an ethical one, if I am to consider the definition of morality as put forward by Machiavelli. According to Machiavelli, an action is not defined as virtuous if it consists of actions that are considered to be necessarily good, but rather an action that exhibits the political skill of an individual in his ability to avoid problems is defined to be virtuous (Machiavelli 2016). Seen in the light of this definition, it would have been ethically objectionable for me to state the true facts blatantly to the senior managers, as it would not only threat my job stability, but is also likely to disturb their peace of mind, ultimately disturbing the organizational harmony of my workplace. My senior managers do not possess sufficient knowledge about how applications might work, and hence might be worried, if told the truth that all their fund is wasted for noting. However, owing to our efforts to implement the projects, it is likely that with the help of the funds, we would be able to complete the project within the given period of time. Hence, we are not deceiving the senior managers, ad stealing away their money, keeping them deluded. We are just responding to the call of the situation, and hence acted in a way that would be beneficial to maximum number of people. It should be remembered that Bentham and Mill have also stated that an action can be deemed to be right only if the action can produce maximum satisfaction for maximum number of people. Hence, if the truth is to be told, the senior managers as well as the other stakeholders might start anticipating about the future success of the project, and this might also lead to our termination of service as well (Ryan 2015). Hence, my action can be interpreted as an ethically just action, given that it ensured maximum satisfaction for the people involved. However, whatever the ethical implication be, the question still remains as to what should be done about the situation. Before taking any final step, it is important to take note of moral philosophy as stated by Tom Morris who said that one should treat others exactly the way they want to be treated (Silcox 2016). Accordingly, it is clear that I myself would never wish to be deceived, and told that all my money is wasted because of people lying to me. Hence, I will try my best to communicate the importance of finishing the project within the given time, to my project manager and my co-employees. In case it becomes difficult, we will shift to other technology, at our own expense, and thus I wish to complete the project within the time (Brown 2016). At the end of the ethical analysis, I would like to state that the only option other than the one stated above was to inform the senior managers. Since they might not understand how the technology was responsible for the delay, there was a high chance that I would have been misunderstood. Hence, it would always be best to keep silent for the time being, start working for the project in accordance with the predetermined results and complete it within the time being. This might imply huge pressure on me to complete the project, but it is the only feasible solution that can save me and the situation alike, without causing anyone trouble. Reference List: Berman, S., 2014. Prudence and morality: Socrates versus moral philosophers.South African Journal of Philosophy,33(4), pp.381-394. Brown, B., 2016. Configurations of the Ethical. Cooper, J.M., 2015. Ethical-Political Theory in Aristotle's Rhetoric. Gasper, D., 2016. Ethics of development. Hudson, N., 2016. Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed by Yong Huang (review).China Review International,21(1), pp.54-58. Kenny, A., 2016.The Aristotelian Ethics: A study of the relationship between the Eudemian and Nicomachean ethics of Aristotle. Oxford University Press. Kuo, J., 2014. Could Confucian morality in The Analects present a viable alternative for rulers to the subjective morality in Machiavellis The Prince?.Philosophy. Machiavelli, N., 2016.The Quotable Machiavelli. Princeton University Press. Ryan, A., 2015. 16. Utilitarianism and Bureaucracy: The Views of JS Mill. Silcox, M., 2016. Grossman, Morris. Art and Morality: Essays in the Spirit of George Santayana. Fordham University Press, 2014, xvi+ 315 pp., 3 bw illus., $85.00 cloth, $26.00 paper. Yu, J., 2013.The ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of virtue(Vol. 7). Routledge.

Behavioral Influences / Leadership / Performance Evaluation Essay free essay sample

Introduction Expectancy theory is related to the motivation of the employees which is dependent upon the employees’ behavior and incentives given by the management. If the management is able to motivate its employees they will put in more effort while working, which means efficiency higher returns for the company. The three components of the expectancy theory are expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Vroom, 1964).All of these three variables are required if an employee needs to be motivated positively. The expectancy component is the belief that increase in efforts will accounts for better performance and vice versa. This means that a person is motivated if there is a positive relationship between efforts and performance given that he has proper training, resources and direction to perform the job. Expectancy is also affected by the confidence the employee has about on his capabilities. Valence component in the expectancy theory refers to the value people place on the expected outcome or rewards of their efforts. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioral Influences / Leadership / Performance Evaluation Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If a person is motivated mainly by money, he might not value free insurance given by the company. Valence is the intensity of the desire of a worker for extrinsic and intrinsic rewards such as promotion, fringe benefits, bonuses, overtime and satisfaction (Droar, 2003).Instrumentality, the third component of expectancy theory is the confidence on the higher authorities that if the performance is well, the desired or promised reward will be received (Vroom, 1964). Instrumentality will be affected by the trust in people who make decisions of the outcomes and degree of business of the process of getting an outcome. Therefore the theory tells us that the relationship between the effort and performance is positive, which means that increase in effort will enhance performance (Vroom, 1964). Body According to the theory the relationship between performance and rewards is also positive, which implies that better performance will result in more rewards.In the given scenario, Supervisor A’s employees are facing difficulty in coping up with the new production process. The main reason for this is that the employees are not being compensated for their work. Those who achieve their goals are not given enough compensation therefore they feel unmotivated. When employees are not motivated, they do not put in enough effort to achieve their goals and hence their performance is not fine. The employees who have mastered the production process are not worried about accomplishing their goals because they know that even with added effort if they attain their goals, the compensation they will get is not worth the effort. Other employees, who have not mastered it, are not putting in enough effort because they think they are not capable of doing so. Therefore there is a dire need for motivation of the employees who are under Supervisor A. The supervisor should find out what resources, training or management of employees is needed to motivate the employees; this is the expectancy component of the expectancy theory. The supervisor should also find out what do the employees value, their bonuses and salaries should be increased according to their performance; this is the valence part of the expectancy theory. Supervisor also has to make sure that the perception of the employees about their supervisor’s promises is correct, they should be compensated as promised; this is the instrumentality component. In the scenario, the employees’ salaries are not being increased as promised by the supervisor; their bonuses after withholding tax are very small. Thus if the supervisor is able to fill the gaps in all of these three components, he will be able to motivate the employees to increase effort and hence performance and the goals will be achieved.The leadership style of Leader B is transactional, Leader C is transformational and Executive has a â€Å"Level 5† leadership style. Transactional leadership focuses on setting specific goals for each team member and encourage them to meet th e agreed upon goals (Bryant, 2003). In the scenario it is given that Leader B establishes clear goals by clarifying role and task requirements and continually guiding subordinates in the direction of these goals, and therefore it is a characteristic of transactional leadership. In transactional leadership, the team members are awarded when they are able to achieve their goals on time and punished when agreed upon goals are not achieved or are not achieved on time (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B considers the team member to be personally at fault if the delegated task is not completed and issues punishments for failures. Transactional leadership recognizes accomplishments of individual subordinates and they are rewarded for achieving the objectives agreed upon (Iain, 2007). In the scenario given, Leader B believes in a clear chain of commands and in rewarding good performance and recognizing employee accomplishments. Leader B also rewards subordinates for their successes. Leader B’s transactional leadership style has been justified now by including the examples from the given text.Transformational leadership depends more on personal relationship with subordinates and is supported by trust rather than committing to contracts (Jung Avoli o, 1999). In the scenario it is given that Leader C tried to remember his team members’ birthdays and makes an effort to work with them as their coach instead of their manager. Transformational leadership also tries to satisfy its followers’ self-interest and encourages the followers to replace these interests with the interests of the team. In the scenario, Leader C encourages the group to surpass their own self-interest for the betterment of the organization. This type of leadership also focuses   on organizational change through stress on new values and different vision of the future which transcends the status quo (Gellis, 2001). Leader C in the scenario also believes that the group can have great success when they are passionate and enthusiastic about a vision. Transformational leaders motivate its followers to achieve their goals through nurturing their individual skills and capabilities (Barbuto, 2005). Leader C in the scenario sets high hopes for subordinates, instills individualism of employees for the benefit of organization and takes a rational problem-solving approach. The Level 5 leadership is described as being hesitant and unruly, shy and fearless and modest with a stern commitment to high standards (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This type of leadership takes struggling organizations from being fine to great and produces other fine leaders within the organizations for future.The Level 5 leadership takes responsibility for the failures and accredits other leaders for accomplishments (Jon Jenkins and Gerrit Visser, 2001). This leadership also establishes unique ideas, long-term vision and values for the organization. In the scenario, Executive A is clearly a level 5 leader as he shies away from attention and accredits others for achievements. He accepts responsibility for failures and poor results; and feels delighted to produce strong leadership within the organization. Therefore it is apparent that Executive A is a Level 5 leader as he took the struggling organization into hands and reshaped the stock prices and company profits into eye -catching ones and he also shares his long-term vision, ideas and values with other leaders of the company. When the Executive A retires and if Leader B is appointed as the CEO, then most of the employees in the organization will start working for their own interest as they will be held responsible for their failures and accomplishments and will be compensated accordingly. Supervision of the employees will become an integral part of managers’ routine as they may use   organization’s resources for their personal interests. Transactional leadership is successful in stable organizations because it helps to improve control over employees and reinforces constructive administrative actions through rewards and punishments. Therefore Leader B may find his style appropriate in the organization. Transformational leadership maintains employees’ performance through loyalty to organization, trust in the leader and changes in values and standards of the organization. Leader C has this style of leadership, and if appointed the CEO, the employees will surely have higher motivation a nd self-confidence; they will get chances and supervision to improve their skills and capabilities. Through self-realization of employees and personal relationships with them, Leader C will be able to make them feel an integral part of the organization and increase their performance beyond expectations. Task 3Individuals often take one of the bases of power in an organization in which they are employed. There are five bases of power which act as a source of organization; they will be discussed one by one. The first one is Position in Hierarchy (Woldring, 2001), that is the rank of the individual in an organization. The higher the individual’s place in the organizational rank structure, the greater the power he will have. In the given scenario, Employee 1 is using position in hierarchy as the source of his power. He has worked in the marketing department for 12 years and he frequently comes to the office on weekends or stays late to make sure smooth running of tasks. The second base of power is Referent Power (Woldring, 2001); this is the personal relation of an individual with others who are higher in the organizational hierarchy. It only exists if the individual can actually reference the authenticity of relationship so that it can act as a basis of power. Employee 2 has this power as he negotiated with his manager to work four days a week and is the only person who is allowed to have a shorter work week. Third type of power is Reward Power (Raven, 1959); individuals who have a greater degree of control over resources of organization, have greater power. Individuals even lower in the organizational hierarchy can have greater controller over resources of the organization (Woldring, 2001). This power is based on the ability to give valuable reward to others who perform well (Raven, 1959). In the scenario given, Employee 1 has this power as he is controlling the resources of his department to get the large bonus at the year end, and he will spend this bonus on his vacations. The fourth base of power is Demonstrated Expertise (Woldring, 2001); an individual who has an exceptional capability or special knowledge that no other has in the organization. Only having expertise is not sufficient, others should know about the importance of this person’s expertise and its value. Employee 2 has this power as he is the only company employee who can prepare financial statements. The fifth and final source of power is Personality Power or Coercive Power (Woldring, 2001); the perceived personality of the individual is the power here. If the person has strong interpersonal skills, charming and attractive personality, then he will be able to influence others to conform to his ideas or demands (Raven, 1959). This is the case with Employee 3, who has been in the organization for just a year, but because of his personality power, he was able to change entire department’s beliefs.Relationship between Bases of Power and Dependency:The Bases of Power use the concept of Dependency. An employee can only use its base of power on another employee if the other one is dependent on him. As Emerson (1962, p. 32) argues that â€Å"power resides implicitly in the other‘s dependency† and that â€Å"the power of A over B is equal to, and based upon, the dependence of B upon A†. Therefore if a person B is dependent   of another person A, only then the power of A exists. The level of power of person A depends upon the degree of dependence of person B on person A and the alternatives available to person B. If there is no dependence then power over another person does not exists. The accounting manager in the given scenario is the person who is dependent upon Employee 2 because of the Expertise power of Employee 2. Employee 2 is the only person in the organization who can prepare the financial statements and so the manager is dependent upon him to prepare it. Employee 1 is dependent upon marketing manager for the award he wants, that is why he stays late in the office to make sure of the completion and accuracy of the work and he often come to office on weekends. Employee 3 was selected as the leader of the team working on new project; all others related to the project are dependent upon him because of his Coercive power. Conclusion The first problem with the company’s current evaluation form is that the rating scales in the form mostly focus on relationships with other employees and on the personality; it is more of a personality test rather than performance and skills evaluation. Instead of evaluating the neatness of the workplace, relationships with peers, attitude with others and friendliness, the questions should be more specific to the performance and quality of work. Performance factors such as knowledge, skills, abilities, quality and timeliness of work, efforts of the employee, works habits, supervisory factors, cooperation, adaptability and effectiveness of communication should be evaluated. The second concern in the evaluation form is that the rating scales are not specific and measurable. The scale being used is to rate an attribute is not numeric or scalar, high, low-medium, medium are being used to score against the attribute. A better approach of scoring will be to use a scale with numeric scale, the highest described as â€Å"Superior† and lowest   as â€Å"Unsatisfactory†. Another option of â€Å"Not Applicable† should also be present with all attributes. The use of measurable scale will ease the work for evaluator and he will be able to rate the employee’s attributes more accurately. The third concern in the evaluation form is that the performance factors are not specific. When the manager had to give rating on the engineer’s attitudes, he had to take in to account the engineer’s attitudes towards his job and tasks that he is assigned to do and also his attitudes towards co-workers and manager. The factors should be more specific so that the evaluator can give the ratings to specific attribute and every attribute is taken into account. In the scenario, the manager gave engineer a low rating in the attitude factor although his attitude towards work was very s erious and he completed his tasks in a very well manner. He got a low rating because of his poor attitude towards the peers and manager.The 360-degree approach to employee evaluation involves supervisor, peers, and subordinates into the evaluation of an individual. This approach has its own pros and cons. Many people participate in evaluating a person so it gives complete view of the performance of the person. The performance view is captured from the supervisor, peers and the subordinates, they respond as they see the person’s performance. It reduces the bias of the supervisor or the manager towards an employee. It the supervisor does not likes the attitude of appearance of the employee, and then he might rate the employee with a lower score. If the employee’s attitude with the supervisor is not favorable but the peers and subordinates like the attitude of the employee, then this can be captured in the evaluation process. Many people participate in the evaluation process, so the score becomes more reliable and more accurate. The supervisor may not have a personal relation with the employee and may not know him too well to rate his personality and attitude towards work. It is also possible that the employee have had some kind of incident with the supervisor in the past and since then the attitude towards the employee had   become unfavorable. Then the supervisor would obviously rate him low in the performance factors. Most of the times in an organization, peers and co-workers know the employee better than the supervisor; so when the peers will evaluate the employee, they will be able to give the ratings more accurately and their ratings will be more reliable than any others. The attitude of a person towards his s ub-ordinates is also very important, this attitude can be recorded when subordinates will take part in the evaluation process of the employee. And then after the evaluation, the employee can leverage his strengths according to others’ perception of his performance and personality. So, 360-degree approach to performance evaluation helps in evaluating the employee from many views and in recording reliable and more accurate information then the traditional forms of evaluations and is not only helpful to the management to make important decisions but also is useful to the person being evaluated .There are some disadvantages too of including the supervisor, peers and subordinates in the evaluation process. One of the main disadvantages is that all the peers and subordinates may not like the personality of the employee being evaluated and may rate him very low based on his attitude and personality. The main purpose of evaluating an employee is to evaluate the performance and skills and attitude towards the work and tasks assigned to him. The co-workers and subordinates may have issues with employee being evaluated because of personality clash, and although his work is up to the mark and performance is well, but still the peers, supervisor and subordinates might give him low score on performance. There are a handful of employee performance evaluation methods; three of them are topdown, peer-to-peer and 360-degree. Top-down is the most commonly used in the organizations today. It involves the direct manager of the employee in the evaluation process and is only useful if the manager knows his employee well enough.