Case study Wilson Lumber Company Essay

QUESTION 1 WHY HAS WILSON LUMBER BORROWED INCREASING AMOUNTS DESPITE ITS CONSISTENT PROFITABILITY? Although the company seems to be profitable, it has faced shortage of cash. It happened due to increase in Accounts Receivable as well as Inventories. On the other hand, Accounts Payable does not increase that rapidly and difficulties regarding cash collection become evident. Furthermore, the cash collection cycle becomes larger (59 days in year 2003, while more than 70 in year 2006). QUESTION 2 HOW HAS MR. WILSON MET THE FINANCING NEEDS OF THE COMPANY DURING THE PERIOD 2003 THROUGH 2005? HAS THE FINANCIAL STRENGTH OF WILSON LUMBER IMPROVED OR DETERIORATED? EVALUATE WILSON LUMBER FINANCIAL HEALTH. During 2003- 2005 the company borrowed money (long term loan) from bank to finance its operations. In general profitability ratios are positive, however, could be higher. That might be a signal of cost reduction. On the other hand, the company becomes less liquid and its liquidity ratios keep dropping within all years. Both liquidity rations inform that there is lack of cash in the company. The leverage ratios show that company has increased its long term debt and now company becomes more financed by debt than equity. As the debt grows, the interest rates become larger and thus the interest coverage ratio becomes smaller. The activity ratios point out that the cash collection cycle becomes larger therefore company faces some serious issues regarding cash collection (59 days in 2003 whereas 78 in year 2006). QUESTION 3 TO ESTIMATE THE SUSTAINABLE GROWTH RATE (SGR) THAT WLC CAN SUSTAIN WITHOUT  FURTHER WEAKENING THE BALANCE SHEET ASSUMING: NO CHANGE IN THE RATIO OF SALES TO TOTAL ASSETS, NO CHANGE IN THE RATIO OF TOTAL LIABILITIES TO OWNERS’ EQUITY NO EQUITY ISSUES OR REPURCHASES A RETURN ON BEGINNING EQUITY OF 20 % ( THE 2005 LEVEL), AND A CONTINUATION OF THE POLICY OF PAYING NO DIVIDENDS. QUESTION 4 HOW ATTRACTIVE IS TO TAKE THE TRADE DISCOUNTS ? IF MR. WILSON IS OFFERED A DISCOUNT OF 2% FOR A PAYMENT MADE IN 10 DAYS AND  DOES NOT IN FACT 50 DAYS; IF MR. WILSON OFFERS HIS CUSTOMERS TERMS OF 2 % DISCOUNT FOR PAYMENT IN 10 DAYS WHAT WOULD COST. A. 2/10/50 (0.02/(1-0.02))*(360/(50-10))=0.18 % Is 18% interest B. 2/10/30 (0.02/(1-0.02))*(360/(30-10))=0,36% Is 36% interest I would prefer to take a discount because it has a lower interest rate. QUESTION 5 DO YOU AGREE WITH MR. WILSON’S ESTIMATE OF THE COMPANY’S LOAN REQUIREMENTS? HOW MUCH WILL HE NEED TO FINANCE THE EXPECTED EXPANSION IN SALES TO $ 5.5 MILLION IN 2006 AND TO TAKE ALL TRADE DISCOUNTS? We calculated that Mr. Wilson would need an estimate of 982000 not 750000 to finance the expected expansion. As well after viewing the liquidity ratios who tend to decrease in last years, it would be risky to take such a loan. QUESTION 6 AS MR. WILSON’S FINANCIAL ADVISER, WOULD YOU URGE HIM TO GO AHEAD WITH, OR TO RECONSIDER, HIS ANTICIPATED EXPANSION AND HIS PLANS FOR ADDITIONAL DEBT FINANCING ? As financial advisor I would urge Mr Wilson to take the loan, despite the fact of low liquidity and increase in debt throughout the last years. The loan from Suburban National bank is not sufficient for meeting the needs of Mr Wilsons company, furthermore, the debt continues to rise due to the buy-out of Mr Holtz; this also has increased the low liquidity of the company. However, the reasons why I would recommend taking the loan are: So far Mr Wilson was unable to take advantage of the trade discounts (2% off if paid within 10 days), however by taking loan he will be able to do so, in addition, this will also help to increase the profitability by reducing the costs. The EBIT is also increasing steadily, however with the necessary loan Mr Wilson could increase its earnings by one third in only one year. The economic value added also has increased significantly, especially in year 2004 and in year 2005. Despite the significant loan Wilson Lumber Company borrows in year 2006, they will still manage to generate economic value of 12, 55 thousand dollars. Also very good indicator that Mr Wilson should take the loan is the return on invested capital which is actually higher than cost of capital (WACC). Even in year 2006 it is estimated that the ROI will be higher than WACC, while in the next year the ROI will continue to grow. QUESTION 7 AS THE BANKER, WOULD YOU APPROVE MR. WILSON’S LOAN REQUEST, AND, IF SO, WHAT CONDITIONS WOULD YOU PUT ON THE LOAN ? WHAT ABOUT WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT WOULD YOU RECOMMEND HIM? As a banker I would approve the loan as the company itself does not show great risks. Most of the bad indicators (low liquidity) are created by the limited loan provided by Suburban National Bank and also by the customers who does not pay immediately. The rather big inventory also is not that bad  indicator as it also has it benefits- can be ready for unexpected orders. Good indicators which show that Mr Wilsons Company is performing are the increase in sales, net income, and return on equity. If Mr Wilson would like to take the loan, first he would have to agree to such conditions: Maintain the capital at agreed level; Reduce the inventory; Additional investments in fixed assets could be made only with the prior approval of the bank; The accounts receivables must be reduced, by reducing the payment time for customers.

Punctuality in the Military Essay

Punctuality in a military environment is crucial as it enables tasks to be completed, and allows leaders to conduct accountability, PCCs and PCIs for particular operations. Also, depending on the severity or how often a soldier conducts the offense, being late can lead to UCMJ action. This essay will provide in some detail the benefits of being punctual as well as note possible consequences. On a small scale, being punctual for formations and general points of duty allows leaders to ensure accountability for their soldiers, address notes and tasks for the day, and promotes organization within the unit. In a larger picture, everyone’s responsibilities for the day are dependent on the entire unit to be where they need to be at the appropriate time. For example, in the event of a company going to the range the armor has to be available to open the arms room to issue the weapons as leaders need ample time to take accountability of their soldiers and to thoroughly conduct pre-comba t checks and pre-combat inspections. Support units are obligated to arrive on time due to their responsibility to provide ammunition and transportation. Something as simple as the armor being late can cause a domino effect for the entire mission. Repeated tardiness can cause a lot of issues for the unit but it more than likely can severely impact the soldier making the offense. Leaders may choose to annotate events of tardiness in the service members counseling packet. If the soldier has received enough counseling’s, or if a single event is severe, then the leader can push for administrative action such as filing for an Article 15. A soldier who is late can be charged with violation to multiple punitive articles prescribed in the UCMJ: Article. 86. Absence without leave Any member of the armed forces who, without authority— (1) fails to go to his appointed place of duty at the time prescribed; (2) goes from that place; or (3) absents himself or remains absent from his unit, organization, or place of duty at which he is required to be at the time prescribed; shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 87. Missing movement Any person subject to this chapter who through neglect or design misses the movement of a ship, aircraft, or unit with which he is required in the  course of duty to move shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Article 92. Failure to obey order or regulation Any person subject to this chapter who— (1) violates or fails to obey any lawful general order or regulation; (2) having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by a member of the armed forces, which it is his duty to obey, fails to obey the order; or (3) is derelict in the performance of his duties; shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. Granted, some situations aren’t as severe as other but being late is something that can become a reoccurring issue should it be left to become a habit. A habit like that can lead a soldier to being late for something that is truly serious, like missing movement for deployment or real-world mission. In a situation like that, lateness is a serious offense and can the leave the soldier with heavy consequences. Being late, should it become a chronic problem, can also severely impact a soldier’s professional development. Not only by having adverse effects within his development in the unit but when it comes to being looked at for schools or professional progression. A good leader is not going to recommend a soldier for Warrior Leaders Course or any tab school if he can’t trust the soldier to be on time. At WLC here on Fort Carson, if you are inexcusably late once then you are not eligible for Commandant’s List even if you have the highest GPA in the academy. If you are late a second time then you can be removed from the academy, if not removed then you can be written a marginal 1059 and with that any soldier looking to the Army as a career will have a difficult, if not impossible, time getting promoted. In a situation like that, it becomes a wasted effort for the academy, or any other NCOES school, a waste and embarrassment for the unit and the leader that recommended the soldier in the first place. That is time and money being spent on a soldier that may have been seen as having potential to being a great leader but because something as simple as being on time put him in the position to be kicked out then he is stuck either having to redo the course, granted if he gets another opportunity depending on his leaders or the unit. From what I have learned from talking to a senior soldier, there was a point where if a soldier got kicked out of a NCOES school for being late then he is put onto the bottom of the waiting list and most don’t get a second chance at the course. I personally may not  be staying in the Army but I still have months before I am out the door. I still need to abide by the Army standard so that I do not either develop bad habits that can hinder my professional development in the civilian sector nor cause myself to be in trouble as I work towards beginning my transition out of the service. There are ways I can help myself to always be on time, for instance, I can make sure that my alarm is set and is loud enough so I don’t sleep through it. I can set myself enough time in the morning so I don’t have to rush out the door and I have enough of a buffer in the event traffic at the gate decides it’s going to be extra bad one particular morning. If, by all means, I have done everything to prevent myself from being late and the situation still puts me in the position, I am to notify my leadership well before my appointed time.

Passionate geography teacher

Since an early age I have been fascinated by Geography and during my last few old ages at school I have been inspired by a truly passionate geographics instructor. The more I found out about the topic, the more interesting it appeared to me. I was captivated by how in Geography, scientific discipline interlinked with art, and the natural environment interlinked with the human society. Hence, without vacillation I decided to prosecute a grade in Geography. I have already proven my abilities and my echt involvement for this topic as I am already a 2nd twelvemonth geographics pupil at Vilnius University, which is one of the best universities in Lithuania. The grade is disputing but at the same clip it is honoring as I am passionate about the topic. Not merely have I gained good theoretical background, but I have besides already developed some practical accomplishments used in mapmaking, geomorphology, weather forecasting every bit good as the information analysis necessary for recreational and touristry geographics. Thankss to my university surveies I have acquired a better apprehension of the natural environment. Last twelvemonth we undertook a Geomorphology field class, during which we were look intoing the land conditions to acquire a better apprehension of the formation of the soils nowadays in a wood. We besides researched the consequence of the clime alteration on the landscape. [ ( ? ? ? ) ] It was one of the most interesting parts of my class, as I had the chance to use my theoretical cognition and I besides learnt much about the land formation. [ ( ? ? ? ) . ] I enjoy traveling to seminars and discoursing about the issues that the universe and geographers are confronting. This is assisting me to understand the environment as a whole every bit good as my ain function within the universe. From the beginning of my grade I have been actively engaged in assorted facets of university life. I am a portion of the organizational and societal activities commission at our Students ‘ Union. I play a great function in organizing societal events, negotiations and developing. Most of this engagement has been as portion of assorted squads, which has non merely helped me develop my interpersonal accomplishments but besides improved my organizational accomplishments. I have ever been passionate about athleticss and have therefore taken portion in assorted sportive activities runing from swimming to hiting and have taken portion in school and university athletics competitions. I have won several decorations and my dedication for athleticss has helped me develop my squad working accomplishments every bit good as heightening my continuity. These accomplishments are critical for my university surveies and for my future professional calling. Recently, I realised that my current university is unable to suit my demands. My private research has shown that higher ( ? ? ? ) instruction in the United Kingdom offers greater learning quality and more chances for their pupils. Besides, the alumnus chances for natural scientific disciplines are significantly better than in Lithuania. Analyzing in England would besides be an first-class opportunity for me to broaden my skyline, experience cultural diverseness, and run into new people. It would be an priceless experience for me and would surely be an of import plus for my future calling. As I have studied English at school for 9 old ages and have been taking it as portion of my current grade, I am confident that analyzing in English would non present any hurdlings for me. Since the beginning of my grade I have ne'er regretted of taking Geography. Hence, there is no uncertainty in my head that I want to go on analyzing it. However, due to the differences in the course of study of English and Lithuanian universities I believe that the best option for me would be to get down my surveies once more from the first twelvemonth.

Answer these questions on Judiasm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Answer these questions on Judiasm - Assignment Example The religion also includes a practice of meditation especially the letters that make the word God (YHWH). The history of Judaism religious texts is the Torah and Jews worship in Synagogues. Jewish relationship with God is a covenant and Jews must keep God’s laws. Some holy days according to Judaism include Hanukkah, Purim, Sukkot, Passover, Shavuot and Sabbath (Atkinson 56). Men’s circumcision is central to Judaism beliefs. Some Judaism rites include the child birth rites whereby male child is given a name after circumcision while wedding ceremonies entail the breaking of a plate in symbolism of the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. In addition, Judaism requires the Jews to pray three times a day (Wood 67). The rise of Synagogue system was precipitated by the destruction of the original worship center that was the Temple in Jerusalem. King Solomon built the Temple in Jerusalem as an Ark of the Covenant. In 586 BC, it was destroyed by Babylonians, but later built o n smaller scale by Herod in the 1st century. Subsequently, Herod’s temple was destroyed in 70 AD by Romans. The remains of the Herod’s Temple are the western retaining wall that acts as important place for prayer, gathering and pilgrimage (Wood 78). The rise of Synagogue system started during the 6th Century BC during Babylonian exile since Jews could assemble in quorums of about ten men and pray. Several Synagogues were set in Jerusalem in order to cater for ex-slaves and freedmen and Apostle Paul used Synagogues to teach Christianity to the Jews. Synagogues were built on a raised place near the neighboring houses and acted as both social institutions and religious institutions during Jesus time. In this regard, Synagogues act as place of prayers and study of Jewish teachings (Wood 113). Conservative orthodox and reformed Jewish traditions have certain clear distinctions. Conservative Jewish tradition is also referred as Masorti Judaism and conserves the traditional e lements of Judaism while allowing for rabbinical development. According to its origin, the European movements seemed too radical thus there was a need to protect ancient Jewish traditions while appreciating modern change (Atkinson 45). It traces it origins in Germany, but it spread highly in the United States. It regards Israel as the only birthplace of Jewish people and their final destiny and asserts that Hebrew is irreplaceable language of Jewish people. Accordingly, Conservative Jewish traditions are devoted to Klal Yisrael that aims at worldwide Jewish unity and study of Torah. In addition, Conservative Judaism views Jewish life as governed by Halakhah (Jewish Law) since it is the expression of the will of God. It provides participation of both Men and Women in Synagogue prayers and all aspects of Jewish life. Though its accepts change such a cessation of Temple sacrifices, it entails a careful study before acceptance of the change (Wood 98). On the other hand, Orthodox Jewish traditions entails the traditional Jewish practices and beliefs. Orthodox Jewish ignored the Reform movements by retaining the traditional Jewish practices. For instance, Orthodox Synagogues have separate sitting places for men and women (Wise 20). A quorum of ten is necessary before commencement of service and all services are conducted only by male rabbis and in Hebrew language. Orthodox households maintain the traditional laws on diet and rules strictly prohibit any manual labour on

New product development and product innovation charter Essay

New product development and product innovation charter - Essay Example Therefore, a white product manufacturing company must understand that technological advancements are the key to success in the market (Avlonitis & Papastathopoulou, 2006). 1. a) Product innovation charter entails product planning and strategizing prior to its development. PIC charter summarizes all the necessary tools that a company’s development team should draft to come up with new products. The charter ensures that a product developed under it targets to achieving the company’s goals and objectives. Thus, the specialists must abide to PIC if they target to ensure their development is for the best of the company once it is in the market. It enables the team to set the product’s objectives in accordance to sales forecasts. A product will product will be of critical importance to a company if only it will draw positive attention from the consumer markets, as this is the only way of improving sales margins (Annacchino 2007). Similarly, sales should be profitable t o the company at the long run as far as the company is a profit making organization. Further, a significant development is that which enables a company acquire a higher market share relative to its previous one. Managers and product developers should focus on improving the market share competently and profitably (Avlonitis & Papastathopoulou, 2006). b) Every company has a mission and vision in its business field. Therefore, to come up with the best results of every innovation, the team should consider the goals and objectives of the company. For example, if a company’s mission is to enhance economic growth and customer satisfaction, the new product should entice the consumer to feel closer to the company and on deriving satisfaction from his purchase, will mean profitability to the business. Since perfect market competition is a rare case, a brilliant innovation will enable the company to grow in the market and undermine competitive threats. Eventually, a company shall pose a positive image to the society and other business affiliates if only the charter refines its image through healthy innovations (Karniel & Reich, 2011). c) The challenges that come with every innovation are as well overwhelming. Managers should understand that product charters only reveal prospects and not certainty. The criterion often tends to control development teams to operate within distinct procedures. Therefore, the team may develop a product that suits specific needs. This results to reduction of sales prospects, profitability, and market segment. The company finds realizes to be loosing worth an investment to a nonperforming product. It is advisable that companies should endure on practicing the best details a product innovation charter can offer in relation to the company’s goals and objectives (Karniel & Reich, 2011). 2. a) The key factors to that influence companies to concentrate in new product development programs are diverse. Companies find that all markets pos e competition and to ensure co-existence they must come up with products that place them above per. Other companies seek to maximize profits and after careful revision of the products that they already offer in the market, they realize the need of a new product that will profitably benefit the company in its operations. Companies notice that, whenever new products hit the target market profitably economies of scale reflect positively, and the rate of growth draws a positive view from their affiliates (Avlonitis&

Response to an essay exam Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response to an exam - Essay Example It is evident that believer may be losing the culture war to the non believers because of the continued decline in moral directions and the minimal religious liberty in the United States today. There are different flashpoints that have a greater contribution to the debate of whether God exists or not. Scientists have challenged the notion about the universe’s age. They strongly believe that it must be at least millions of years old while the bible estimates it to be less than ten thousand years old. A major contribution to this flashpoint was when astronomers came up with two systems of measurement to establish that near galaxies are millions of light years away. This brought a viewpoint different from that of believers that consider creation to have taken place in six days. This theory created another flash point of the big bang theory challenging the belief of how the universe was created. Scientist state that the universe was made with the big bang. It started from space then dispersing from each other formed the universe. George Gamow contribution to the culture war was by his theory that the universe may have formed from a hot beginning that would be cooled to form protons. However, he did not have a clear explanation of what caused the big bang. Christians, on the other hand, are sure that God created the universe and structured it specifically to be the way it is. (Edwin and Leigh, 2002) In evolution, Charles Darwin developed a materialistic view of the universe in which he stated that there is no God, only matter. He made the theoretical perception from Ivanivich Oparin’s study of how gases and water formed organic molecules when charged with electricity. Darwin states that the early life begun naturally and evolved to more complex forms as time passed by. Man evolved from animals like apes and monkeys and became more complex in body and mind over the years. He assessed that human beings are no different from animals and share similar

Ethical Dilemma Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Ethical Dilemma - Assignment Example These individuals normally suggest that it is easy to make decisions without considering ethical issues, and then analyzing the action afterwards (Paele & Blanchard, 1988). The existence of the â€Å"grey region† between wrong and right does not act as an excuse for ignoring ethics. The â€Å"grayness† aspect can be removed from the ethical dilemmas through taking time to analyze and understand a decision. The ethics check has been formulated to analyze three questions that arise out of a given ethical situation. Ethical decisions should be similar if the answer to any one of the questions is contrary or negative. The first question is: is the issue legal? Legal decisions adhere to government and organization regulations and laws. The second question is: is the decision balanced? Ethical decisions should always result in win-win situations. This ensures fairness to all parties concerned. The third question is: what feelings are derived by the decision maker? The feeling of ethical decision is positive, rewarding and fulfilling. This makes the concerned parties proud of the outcome (Paele & Blanchard, 1988). Ethical mentoring concept illustrates that illegal or unethical actions in society or organizations rarely occurs because people intend to do wrong. Instead it begins with insignificant breaches which gradually increase in scope and scale. This makes the poor action be considered the norm or acceptable. Ethical mentors assist people to effectively handle situations involving potential conflict in values and ethical lapses. The ethical mentors also assist people increase their ethical awareness, to enable them avoid ethical dilemmas. They also provide resources to ethical leaders to create an ethically conscious organizational culture (Paele & Blanchard, 1988). Effective ethical mentors include the professional

Whether the personal consciousness survives death Essay

Whether the personal consciousness survives death - Essay Example â€Å"[T]here is life after death† (Weintrub). The personal consciousness survives the death, and its satisfaction depends upon the goodness of deeds the individual performed in this world when he/she was alive. After death, an angel takes the soul out of the body and escorts it to either of the two places, one of which is meant for the good souls and the other for the bad souls. While the soul is taken out of the body, it still maintains a connection with it. The body is buried in the earth in the grave. Inside the grave, the dead body is exposed to different kinds of circumstances depending upon the kinds of deeds the person performed in the world while he/she was alive. The grave of a person who performs good deeds expands so that the person does not get suffocated inside the grave. In fact, the grave is enlightened with the light and fragrance of the heaven. Although the soul is departed from the dead body and it is only the dead body that is buried in the grave, yet the soul can feel just the same whatever the dead body does. Hence, the soul of a good person feels all the pleasures and peace that the dead body is blessed with. On the other hand, the grave in which the dead body of a ba d person is placed becomes narrower and narrower until it pressed the body so hard that the bones become dislocated and merge into one another. Again, all of this happens to the dead body, yet the soul can feel all the pain that it would had it been inside the dead body. Although consciousness survives the death, yet there are limits to it. One cannot say for sure that the soul can hear the cries of the relatives who mourn over the person’s death while the dead body is being buried or later. However, there is no doubt in the fact that the soul cannot reply any human being once it has been taken out of the body. The soul can feel the pain or joy depending upon the deeds the individual did when alive.

Earth and Space Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Earth and Space Science - Assignment Example The moon, bombarded by millions of meteorites and asteroids, is where Neil Armstrong's still tangible footprints are said to survive perhaps a million more years in the absence of air to change their form. Farther out, a traveler's curiosity is taken to an acquaintance with the planet named after the goddess of love and beauty for bearing a splendor as the solar system's brightest. Indeed the spectacular yellow clouds reflect the sunlight and the size and gravity of Venus is near that of the Earth's but the dazzling clouds are actually made of sulfuric acid and its atmosphere a noxious carbon-dioxide-concentrated air. With an unbearable pressure and temperature approaching 500Â °C, an experience of staying in it is nowhere as lonely as it is seen from afar or from an illusion which, once broken by reality, entails corrosion, suffocation, and destruction of a living matter. The possibility of life also becomes amply questionable at the sight of a global image, sun-scorched to 400Â ° C by midday yet acquires an extreme end of -170Â °C at nighttime. ... With over 5,000Â °C of hotness at the surface able to launch a nuclear reaction and tens of millions of degrees down its core, the Sun's power is far more than could possibly enter a wild pondering, as it turns millions of tons of matter into energy every second exceeding that made by man and blasting severe radiation onto the outer space through the electrified incandescent gases. Comets, being the documentary's additional exhibit, are depicted to be icy wastes of deep space whose tails extend to millions of kilometers. At a closer look, audience sees a vast dirty snowball covered in tar from which grains of an organic-looking parts disintegrate gradually. Much as the comets had been discovered of certain properties besides preservation in ice, the quest of astronauts and scientists has gone about prospecting Mars for any signs of life. Mars, a red and dead planet, looks as if it were a giant fossil with twirling devilish dusts presumably larger than the largest tornado that ever o ccurred on Earth. Though it is somewhat real close to capturing human imagination of familiarity and probable living, Mars is proven to contain too thin an air for breathing with significant levels of hazards caused by carbon dioxide everywhere. In it there is nothing to shield humans from the Sun's UV rays unlike the layer of ozone on this planet and protection against sickening coldness of -80Â °C neither exists. The dead planet, nevertheless, may be claimed to take pride in its immense ancient volcano that is three times the altitude of Mt. Everest and the seemingly 'grand canyon' land form which must have had some geological activities as evidenced with the way it looks in the presentation aided by the special apparatus in space.

Rize-Film Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rize-Film Critique - Essay Example The setting and the effects used are accurate too. The scenes are moving and the characters express the right emotions when needed. For example, Tommy the Clown adjusts his expressions to make them hilarious for kids. This serves to show the relevance of the film. The social message, the authenticity of the dance moves and the accuracy of the setting make this film a commendable effort. There are several negative aspects of the film. One concerns the strip dancing routine. This raises a concern considering that there is a scene where preteen girls and dancers affiliated with strict Christian faith perform it. The speed and exaggeration of the dance moves could come out to some viewers as unrealistic too. Nevertheless, the negatives of this film are overwhelmed by the appealing views of this film. In conclusion, Rize is a very appealing and energetic film. It elicits high levels of amazement and interest in the viewer. The film director, David LaChapelle, shows his talent by making a captivating, accurate and a socially relatable film. The characters are instrumental in making the film a success by executing the dance moves powerfully and in a synchronized manner. Tommy the Clown serves as the main character and pioneer of the clowning dance, a mixture of break dancing and simulated fighting. He showcases transformation from a convict to a positively influential person on the streets through his unique form of dancing. The dance moves are fast but very real. This enhances the authenticity of the film.

Examine the differences and similarities between European and Arabic Essay

Examine the differences and similarities between European and Arabic romanticism. Illustrate your answer with examples - Essay Example We might begin by distilling some of the central themes and features of the Romantic Movement in Europe. It first gained prominent in the later 18th century, as the Continent felt the pressures of rapid economic development, although it was with the industrialization of the 19th century that Romanticism reached its most influential period. Confronted with the transformation of life in Europe, with rapid industrialization and urbanization changing the very landscape, many authors, artists and others looked to strong emotion as a response, while the basic themes of literature were transformed. A preoccupation with nature in its wildest, untamed and purest form became a widespread concern in literary circles, while remembrance of a simpler, pastoral past was also a common subject. At the same time, there was a new focus on women and children, and on the heroic role of the storyteller or the artist as an important cultural figure, whose position should be exalted in society. All of this constituted a clear break with much of what had gone before it in European culture, but the issue before us here is whether this movement took on a similar character in Arabic literature, when a movement which has been characterized as ‘Romanticism’ arose there. A crucial difference between Arabic and European Romanticism is surely the time and circumstances of their inception. As noted above, European Romanticism was born of a period of extreme socioeconomic change in the region, and reached its height in the 19th century. Arabic Romanticism, by contrast, arose much later, with its zenith usually placed in the period between the First and Second World Wars. By the time Arabic Romanticism was having a major impact, European Romanticism had long since ceased to be a dynamic force. For example, al-Shadi was living in England as T. S. Eliot wrote, but was mainly interested in Victorian and Romantic poetry. Badawi (1985) formulates several possible reasons for the Arabic in terest in Romanticism rather than newer cultural movements in Europe. Chief among these is that it was still perhaps the most popular movement, and was ‘more spontaneous and emotional in its appeal’ (p.125). Perhaps they also identified with its aims, in making a break with previous European literary traditions, as they themselves sought to innovate in their own language. Also, Arabic Romanticism was at its height in a period of political, cultural and socioeconomic change for the Middle East, and shares that with the European movement. The circumstances were different for sure, with Arab nationalism and pan-Arabism, which flourished under European colonialism, as well as the rise of an urban middle class, being major changes, but movements found their roots in revolutionary periods. Of course, Arabic Romanticism, despite many similarities of theme and preoccupation, also differed in its aims. A major concern was its search for cultural identity, in a Middle East which was increasingly being westernized. The role of the Mahjar poets – those who had left for the Americas in search of cultural freedom and economic opportunity, also displayed some unique themes. A feeling of homesickness runs through many of their compositions. However,

Pride Before the Fall Essay Example for Free

Pride Before the Fall Essay It was once said by Abraham Lincoln, â€Å"Nearly all men can stand, but if you want to test a man’s character give him power. This quote helped me agree with John Acton Quote, â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. Based on the fact that there is countless amounts of stories of people corrupting, from school principals to political leaders, power will corrupt. For my first example of corruption from power, is the story of a Middle School Principal. This Middle School principal was accused and found guilty to embezzling from her very own school. She was found embezzling over ten thousand dollars in things from dinner bills to electronics. This principal is for me a prime example of power corrupting because just cause she was in power she decided to take from what she was in charge of whether it was moral or not because she was in charge of the school and was only sentenced to four years in prison plus four years parole. Following was the example, which I thought was the most hypercritical, of ten Atlanta police officers. These ten police officers were being accused of corruption based on the fact that they were soliciting drugs. I thought thus to be major corruption because they only took the drugs because they were in uniforms and had supposed authority which they used for their own pleasure and benefits instead of what they were originally hired for which is the serve and protect. Finally was the example which came to me the quickest of a French man. This Frenchmans name was Maximillen de Robespierre most commonly known for being a major leader in the French revolution. Maximillen Robespierre was followed for his leadership skills but was once almost instantly corrupt when in power. What many people don’t know is that Robespierre was a reigning terrorist he used his power and his guillotine which he used in a combination to behead anyone who opposed him or his thoughts publically just to remain in power as long as he was able to.

Introduction of human resource development process

Introduction of human resource development process Human resource Management is, perhaps, the oldest and most widely researched subject in management. Yet, as technologies change, cultural diversities occur and peoples expectations undergo fundamental shifts towards newer and newer dimensions. In this rapid revolutionary changing environment, human resource development, a part of human resource management plays an important factor in determine an organizations success. Human Resource Development is important to any growing business organization because it helps to improve business performance through the development of personnel, and, directing and enhancing talents and skills through planned activities design to improve organizational learning. Ronald R. Sims (2007) described Human Resource Development as strategically-driven activities designed to improved current and future learning, performance, and change (p 2). Sims pointed out that in the early 1980s; the field of personnel management shifted its emphasis as personnel departments renamed themselves à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“human resource department. Although this change in some instances was a scheme, Sims pointed out that in many cases, The change in language marked a subtle shift, from a function that essentially handled staffing and related administrative activities to a function that focused on the development of people as a resource to the organization (2007, p. 2). 2) The Human Resource Development Process In the information base economy, human capital can be an organizations greatest asset or it can also be its greatest liability. However not being the physical assets but the intellecture assets within employees. A companys human capital asset is the collective sum of the attributes, life experience, knowledge, inventiveness, energy, and enthusiasm that its people choose to invest in their work and that are the reasons human resources development is so crucial to a companys success. The human resource development process has traditionally focused on improving the skills, knowledge, and attitudes of the individuals. Due to this, confirmation of success has primarily been made by measuring individuals satisfaction with events and, to lesser extent, to the learning that has occurred. Although at some point HRD activities has been viewed as an optional and sometimes wasteful activity by decision makers but according to Jack Phillips and Elwood Holton (1997), majority of this business decision makers view HRD as a value added activity; something that is potentially worth doing ; and HRD as a major business process; something an organization do to succeed (p. 1). As the worlds economy contentiously dominated by instability and change, while the disturbance and corporate transformations in the vast industry, the growth and productivity afforded through information technology, and the increasing turnover among successful and failed business ventures as well as the political, economic and social turmoil confounded business development planners, the HRD plays an important role to examine business opportunities, and determine the key performance requirements of new business objectives, and position highly competent people within state-of the-art work system to achieve those objectives. Phillips and Holton contend, Strategic development and utilization of employee expertise is now imperative for organizations trying to create new opportunities for growth (1997, p. 2) Phillips and Holton emphasized that the process of development and deployment of employee expertise are important components of HRD function. They stated that as organization condition s compel the reshaping of approach, workforce competence and flexibility at all levels of the organization, become vital to business success, in the midst of strategy formulation, planners and decision makers, HRD understanding and expertise are in a critical position to examine and determine business opportunities and performance requirements. The HRD process then is the HRD function of training, enhancing employees skills, deploying competent workforce towards the companys competitive advantage, and positioning of company strategy towards competitive advantage through appraising performance and aligning company strategy towards this objective. It is also included in this process the critical examination of the business opportunities and determining key performance of new business objectives. In other words, the HRD process are also the company strategy towards its competitive advantage and this involve the training or career development, to organize skills enhancement and development training, the organizational development, to conduct research new business opportunities and orientation on performance requirements, and performance appraisers, for the evaluation of employee performance. This performance evaluation is important in creating motivation and instilling loyalty among the employee towards the company. A systematic training and development approach is a methodology for managing training programs to ensure a comprehensive training process in 3 typical phrases; Assessment phrase where the training objectives are identify and decision makers to determine when training will occur and who will be involve. Activity phrase is the phrase of designing and implementing training package upon the establishment of the training objective. Evaluation phrase where employees are evaluate if the training are being value-adding. It is only essential to the organization if employees are being value-adding to them after training and have a more positive turnover. If the entire process is not value-adding at all to the organization and have little or non return of investment to the organization, it is being regard as an excess overhead that will be axed off in no time. Through the use of the systematic approach to training, practitioners ensure that relevant skills are identified, proper learning methods are used, and that employees can perform work as expected when they are assigned to work. 3) The importance of Human resource development and its Process HRD and its process are important because they are in powerful position to assist in and measure strategic organization results such as performance outcomes and return on investment. Phillips and Holton noted that HRD practitioners also provide strategic capability by assisting in the translation of strategies into more consistent behaviours and the realignment of work process (1997, p. 3). HRD professional are expert at facilitating and directing process level organization change, allowing for the translation of strategic direction into new and improved ways of accomplishing the organizations work. Because of this expertise, HRD has become important in the positioning of the companies strategy towards competitive advantage not only of the business strategy but also the employees competitiveness. HRD is also involved in the strategy formation, which requires that organization value human capital as an ingredient for the organizations long-term success. According to Monica Lee (2003), HRD as a process has the potential of harmonizing, supporting, and shaping the larger systems (p. 27). Monica Lee pointed out Swansons (2001) systems theory to HRD which argues that the system worldview model of HRD as a process with in the organization. Leonard David Goodstein, Timothy Nolan, and J. William Pferffer (1993) stressed that in addition to serving as a champion for strategic planning HRD professional play the stakeholder in the planning process. They pointed out as stake holder, the HRD professional has the important responsibility of linking the organizations over all strategic plans to its human resources (1993, p. 76). This job according to them requires the HRD professional to understand the nature of the overall strategic planning and should be aware that strategic planning is the process through which the senior management of the organization clarifies what it intends the organization to become and what its goals are, both financial and non-financial matters. Thi s process requires a high degree of problem solving skills and the HRD professional are expected to be a model for such skills. 4) Advantages of HRD to the Organization Catherine M. Sleezer Tim I Wentling, and Roger L. Cude (2002) noted that HRD has become strategically integrated in the organization (p. 11). They pointed out that training has become a cote value for organization, and manager view employees education, training, and development as critical to organizational success. The importance of HRD in business organization is reflected by the fact that today, team building activities, and skills enhancing and leadership training and the human resource is viewed as important in the companys strategy towards competitive advantage. John P. Wilson stressed that today business environment requires that HRD not only supports the business strategies or organizations, but that assumes a pivotal role in the shaping of business strategy (1999, p. 12). Wilson pointed out that HRD serves a strategic role by assuring the competence of employees to meet the organizations present performance demands. Wilson adds, HRD also serves a vital role in shaping strate gy and enabling organizations to take full advantage of emergent business strategies (1999, p. 12). 6) Advantages of HRD to the employees The advantage of the HRD to the employees is that HRD provides training through instructor-led classrooms. Catherine M Sleezer, wintling, and Cude noted that HRD is rooted in training and development, organizational development, and career development to improve individual, group, and organizational effectiveness (2002, p. 2). Thomas N. Garavan, Pat Costine, and Noreen Heraty (2002), viewed human resource as decision-making employees, and this, they point out, is increasingly significant factor as the influence of more sophisticated technology is leading to a reduced demand for manual employees and an increase for decision making employees (p. 17). Thus, there are views that stress on development of people as a company investment. Garavan, Costine, and Heraty contends that this view suggest that investment in human resource development will automatically lead to improve business performance (2002, p. 28). The advantage to the employee of HRD aside from the trainings and development the HRD is providing is that it serves as the agency for promotion and incentive to performance and productivity of the employees performance as they are evaluated and appraised for necessary action. The HRD also provides the opportunity for employees to develop their talents and lay down the path for career development. (7) Problems that affect the human resource development Human resource development depends upon various factors of standard of living. One of these factors is the social problems. Education, housing, and health care are the top issues in the social problems. These factors According to Qureshi M.U. affect human resources, natural resources, and technological resources (p. 221). Qureshi M.U. (2005) emphasized that education develops human resource while better health provisions contribute to his health maintenance. Housing and social services meets the individuals needs. Another factor affecting human resource development will be the morality of employees. Perhaps the issue here is the workers grievances and injustice they suffered from employers. These grievances maybe caused by inconsistent treatment of workers, discrimination, or salary related matters. Milan Kubr (2002) suggested the need of consultant to address the mechanics of grievance procedure or other conflict resolution procedures (p. 402). In this way, the problem of legal changes can be addressed practically. Laurie Larwood and Urs E. Gattiker (1999) pointed out that technological change affects the supervisory jobs, staffing and development needs (p. 19). From the statement, the need of training for current and prospective employees is proven to be essential in order to pace up with the rapid tempo of technological changes today. 8) Improving organizations Ronald Sims (2007) pointed out that HRD is concerned to support employees within the organization to perform at their highest level so that the entire organization can perform at its highest level. There are two ways that the HRD can help the organization; first, the HRD must support the work done in the organization and provide human resource development at the place it is needed and at the tome it is needed. Second, Support the work to be done in the future by creating learning infrastructure that will help employees and the organization learn and grow and change in line with environmental demands. In other words, HRD professional must, as Sims advice, must identify critical workforce and must design initiatives that help the employees develop their skills to improve their performance. Sims point out that organization needs employees that are multi-skilled/reskilled knowledge workers who can effectively work in teams in as increasingly global world. 9) Conclusion HRD is important in business organization because they are professional whose expertise is in developing the human resource. Today, more and more companies are recognizing human resource as a human capital in business. They invest on their development and provide corresponding incentives to their efficiency. Indeed despite of the advance of technology, still it cannot be a substitute to human expertise because technology merely depends on the skills of the decision-making employee. Because of the importance of the human resource, I recommend that business organization should look into the welfare of the employee and offer opportunity for social developments such as providing housing loan, educational assistance to immediate family members or any other applicable benefits. All this should be undertaken by the HRD as they are more connected to the employees. I also recommend that business organization empower HRD to handle employees grievances injustice against their superior to verif y the matter and submit report to the personnel manager or to the appropriate authority. In this way, the organization can avoid unfair labor treatment at the same time giving solution to social, legal, and changing technological problem that may arise. The success of any organization is determined by its people, their caliber and their attitude to succeed and out perform. Employees are the only resource, which is capable of self-propulsion and value addition. Unlike any machinery that gets devalued or depreciated with time and age, the human resource i.e. people appreciates with age and experience. So they are very special but this fruitful only if people are developed and kept satisfied. It is unlikely that any improvement can be made in terms of production, productivity, and quality or customer service until people are well developed.

The Social Problem: Class Inequality

The Social Problem: Class Inequality Class inequality refers to the inequality of incomes between individuals, families, or between different groups, areas, or countries (Black, 2002). These inequalities occur as a result of differences in the ability to earn incomes as well as differences in property ownership. Some individuals usually have lower incomes than others, especially those who are economically inactive. This is usually as a result of age, poor health, or inability to find employment. Class inequality is a major social problem in the US and other parts of the world. For example, several studies have demonstrated that a childs future may be determined by the social status. One study found that although children may have similarities in their ability, differences in the circumstances to which they were born could make the difference on who will be successful in future, and who will not. By considering two children Bobby (the son of a lawyer) and Jimmy (son of a custodial assistant) who both do well in class, the study found that it makes it 27 times more likely that Bobby will get a high profile job, while Jimmy had one chance in eight of earning a median income. It is projected that currently, social inequality is greater in the US than in any other industrialized nation (Wolff, 1995). In 2007, a study conducted by the Congressional Office Bureau revealed that the wealth held by the richest 1 percent of the total American population totaled US$16.8 trillion, which makes up USD$2 trillion more than the combined wealth of the lower 90 percent of the American population. Another study conducted by the Center for American Progress (2007) showed that between 1979 and 2007, the average income of the bottom 50 percent of American households grew by only 6%, while the top 1% incomes increased by a massive 229 percent. This reveals that the gap between the rich and the poor in the US is widening, and may affect the future of children who come from economically disadvantaged families. This may lead to accelerated rates of crime, violence and drug abuse amongst poor communities. High advances in technology have led to the globalization phenomenon, whereby people in different parts of the world can interact faster and less expensively than before. Some activists consider globalization a social problem. For example, Stiglitz (2002) argues that globalization forced developing nations to liberalize their economies before they were ready, which pushed their citizens to poverty, a major social problem. Further, religious groups, especially Muslims and Christians, are opposed to globalization because it may erode some of their values. With globalization come cultural clashes, which are leading to erosion of cultures. These conflicts may not be easy to resolve because with globalization, there are difficulties in the issues related to justice, identity and equity. For example, previously, when disputes arose between people, they could be resolved by the government or the local council. The process of conflict resolution was faster. However, with globalization, socia l disputes go beyond local, regional and international boundaries. The process of conflict resolution is slower, and this makes people feel victimized, angry and powerless. As a result, there is a tendency for people to turn to violence when they feel they have no alternative. According to Stiglitz, globalization has its advantages, but also disadvantages. He states that it has a high potential to bring benefits to the world. So far, globalization has not brought comparable benefits in many parts of the world, and it is viewed by many as a disaster. However, since globalization is now a reality which affects everyone, it is essential that we strategize on how to benefit from it, and how to mitigate its negative impacts. In order to reap the benefits of globalization, the world will have to make rational decisions for people on both sides of the divide. A number of Sociological Theories attempt to explain why people commit crimes. These include the Strain Theory, the Social Learning Theory, the Control Theory, the Labeling Theory and the social Disorganization Theory. According to Agnew (1992), all crime theories attempt to explain crime as a component of the social environment. Social environment includes the family, school, peer group, workplace, community as well as the society. The structural strain theory, for example, states that social structures in a society could encourage its citizens to commit crimes. The structural strain theory was advanced by several sociologists. These were Merton (1938), Cohen (1955), Cloward and Ohlin (1960), Agnew (1992), as well as Messner and Rosenfeld (1994). According to the authors, strain can either be structural, which depicts the processes at the societal level which filter down and affect how an individual perceives his or her needs. That is, if particular social structures are inherently inadequate, the individuals perceptions may change to view them as opportunities. On the other hand, strain can be at the individual level, where it refers to the pain experienced by an individual when he seeks ways to satisfy his needs. At this level, if the goals of a society become significant to an individual, actually achieving them may become more important than the means adopted. The labeling theory, also known as social reaction theory, was developed by Howard Becker (1963), a sociologist. This theory states that deviance is not a quality of the act, since results from personality factors associated with committing deviance. Its main focus is on the linguistic tendency of majorities to negatively label minorities, mainly those perceived as deviant from the norms. According to this theory, self-identity and behavior of individuals can be influenced by the terms used to describe them. This theory is sometimes used to explain why people take drugs. An individual, for example, may escape to drugs due to low self esteem resulting from being constantly stereotyped. Blade Runner 1982 Ridley Scott | Analysis of Postmodernism Blade Runner 1982 Ridley Scott | Analysis of Postmodernism Research Proposal Commentary ‘Blade Runner 1982 Ridley Scott Postmodernism, after the modernist movement, is a term now almost as ‘ubiquitous, disliked and misunderstood as its parent, the modern (Jencks, C, p.14). It is a reaction to modernism, an aesthetic, to try and describe changes to conditions and institutions by the drawing of ‘attention to conventions (Oxford, 2009). Throughout this commentary I will explain how my chosen film of discussion ‘Blade Runner 1982, directed by Ridley Scott, is relevant to the postmodern era. I have chosen Blade Runner as the object for study as it is one of my favourite films; I feel it engages artistically and complexly with the issue of postmodernism. It is around the theme of identity I consider the film best represents not only its understanding of postmodernity but also its connection with postmodernism, ‘as the structure of feeling of late capitalism (McGuigan, 1992, p.221). The city of Blade Runner is relevant to the postmodern era, as it highlights the representation of post-industrial decay; it is not the ultra-modern but rather the postmodern city. The city represents an aesthetic of decay, revealing the process of ‘disintegration what could be seen as the ‘dark side of technology (Giuliana, B). Recycling, erosion and the explosion of boundaries help reinforce this postmodern aesthetic in Blade Runner. ‘Post-industrialism, ‘spatial relations, ‘urban decay, ‘pastiche consumption and ‘time consumption are five recognised postmodern issues I find to be represented within Blade Runner. Post-industrialism is clearly embodied in Blade Runners Tyrell Corporation (the main business company within the film). The film references changes in the dominant mode of production and the organisation of business, which could be called ‘advanced corporate capitalism (Davis, 1992). 1.Harvey 1989 states how ‘flexible accumulation creates the postmodern economic actuality of ‘overwhelming corporate power: Blade Runner is inundated with advanced technology, from hover cars, large electronic advertisements on blimps to videophones, the driving force behind the post-industrial society creating this power. In terms of spatial relations, postmodernity is characterised by class polarisation, with the wealthy and the poor becoming progressively more socially isolated from each other. This relationship makes itself evident in the ‘concrete spatial relations of postmodern cities, like Los Angeles (2.Harvey, 1989). This is made apparent with the architectural mise-en-scene in Blade Runner, particularly with the monolithic ivory tower of Tyrell, dominating the urban landscape of the poor, portraying a hierarchical class division. One of the most clearly presented conditions of postmodernity in Blade Runner is time compression, the outcome of increased consumption and exchange on the experience of time. Bringing with it an emphasis of unpredictability and ‘volatility (2.Harvey, 1989), the postmodern society is required to become accustomed to the demands of flexible accumulation. This is relevant with the replicant characters in Blade Runner, who are forced to live in ‘disconnected temporality (Bruno, G 1990). It is this lack of safe ‘temporal continuity represented within Blade Runner (Jameson, 1985) from neurotic preoccupation of its characters with individual pasts to ageing diseases that makes the film postmodern. Another issue represented within Blade Runner, which is considered another postmodern concern, is urban decay. Bruno states the speed and growth of development brings its own rapid ineluctable death and decay. Blade Runner portrays a post-industrial decaying future of Los Angeles, opposed to the familiar perception of ultra-modernity (shown within sci-fi films in the 1950s). It emphasises the effect of de-concentration with the result of immigration known as ‘geographical displacements and condensations (Bruno, 1990). As the upper class individuals vacate vast areas of the city, the poor and immigrants then can use these areas. Blade Runners ‘Off World colonies could be a symbolic extension in the trend to vacate a city in support of the commuter land of home-based work, as a blimp advertises â€Å"A chance to begin again!† As well as the issue of urban decay being a postmodern issue within Blade Runner, there is also pastiche consumption. This is where the postmodernist culture and postmodern socio-economics links start to be revealed as ‘difficult and uneven (Connor, 1989). In the film, the use of pastiche images and past/present styles is portrayed particularly in the mixture of architectural designs within the urban landscape, as Bruno states it is a ‘pastiche city. An example of this pastiche in Blade Runner is where Rachael played by actress Sean Young is dressed in 1940s utility clothing blending the space age of the 1960s. An architectural example is the style of the ‘retro bar where Deckard (Harrison Ford) finds Zhora (Joanna Cassidy). These points I have outlined reveal how Blade Runner is considered to be relevant to the postmodern era, using postmodern theoretical references. However, they are not the only reference points between Blade Runner and postmodernism. The Film also portrays elements of ‘hyperreality and ‘simulacra, which I will discuss within the essay. Bibliography: Jencks, C. (1996). â€Å"What is Postmodernism?†. Published by Academy Press; 4 edition (June 13, 1996) Oxford Dictionary. (2009). â€Å"Postmodernism†. Available at: http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/postmodernism?view=uk [Accessed 28/10/09] McGuigan, J. (1992). ‘Anomie of the people. In Cultural Populism. London: Routledge. Giuliana, B. (1987). ‘Ramble City: Postmodernism and Blade Runner. Available at: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Bruno/bladerunner.html [Accessed 28/10/09] Davis, M. (1992). ‘City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Vintage. Harvey, D. (1989). ‘Flexible accumulation through urbanization: reflections on â€Å"Post-Modernism† in the American city. In The Urban Experience. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Harvey, D. (1989a). ‘Time-space compression and the postmodern condition. In The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Bruno, G. (1990). ‘Ramble city: postmodernism and Blade Runner. In A. Kuhn (ed.), Alien Zone: Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema. London: Verso. Jameson, F. (1985). ‘Postmodernism and consumer society. In H. Foster (ed.), Postmodern Culture. London: Pluto Press. Connor, S. (1989). ‘Postmodernities. In Postmodernist Culture: An Introduction to Theories of the Contemporary. Oxford: Blackwell.

Values Vs Social Acceptance :: Personal Narrative

Values Vs Social Acceptance Values are guidelines to the way we choose to live our lives. Values are the conceptions or ideas that act as standards for judging what is right or wrong, worthwhile or worthless, beautiful or ugly, good or bad. Values differ from person to person. For example, a forty-year old husband with four kids will more than likely have a different set of values than an eighteen-year old freshman just entering college. The freshmen’s conceptions of what is good or bad would be different than the conceptions of the married man. Due to their age difference and the difference in their responsibility, the freshmen would tend to be more party-oriented and free-spirited because he is not supporting a family of six. The married man would be less likely to be found at a bar binge drinking on a Wednesday night than the college student would be. Therefore, the married man’s values are generally more conservative than the college student, and his choice of lifestyle reflects that. My values have changed rapidly as I’ve grown from childhood, to adolescence, and through my teenage years. Many of my core values, the ones I truly live by were instilled in me by my family. I feel the University of Georgia exercises pressure on its students to alter some of their values. Here we are forced at times to change our conceptions of what’s right or wrong. I believe this is due to the pressure we feel to fit in with our peers. Peer pressure is an overpowering force that we deal with every day at the University of Georgia. Our values are ever-changing to find us a place where we feel socially secure at this huge university. As I entered the college last Spring, I brought with me some values that I truly lived up to. My values were based on Christianity and on making me a better person. On Sundays I attended church; I made good grades, and I did not drink or use drugs. My parents always told me that drugs would fry my brain, so I never even pondered the thought of using drugs. In high school I played sports and graduated with honors. My friends were great people, and we were all well-respected around our community. Everyone looked at us as the group that would succeed.

Speech On Black Panthers :: American History

The purpose of the speech I will give today is to make you folks trust government less, any government. (tell them about Canada) I. How much do you guys know about the civil rights era? Well today I will tell you some startling news about the black panthers, one of the people that gave their life for the cause, and Cointelpro, the FBI program that killed him. II. I am not an expert, but have am in love with the topic. I. The Black Panther Party. A. The Black Panther Party was originally named The Black Panther Party for Self-defense. 1. The Black Panther Party was founded by Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, and Richard Aoki in October 1966. 2. The name came from a voting drive that was organized. Alabama law required that there is an emblem for illiterate voters, so the mascot for Clark Collage was chosen. 3. They started out in the California bay area as a reaction to the growing crooked cops, blacks not having rights, and the war in Vietnam. 4. They did not fallow passive protest like Martian Luther king; instead they modeled themselves after the Black Nationalism preached by Malcolm X. Also they separated from non-violence and took up arms, being influenced by Robert F. Williams book Negroes with Guns. 5. After Getting out of prison for an assault charge Huey P. Newton returned to Oakland city collage in 1965. He and Bobby Seale grew dissatisfied with the inertia of the Afro-American Association. They began to feel more and more that the political and social climate at the time called for militancy. B. The Black panthers created the ten point program and platform. 1. The program was a list of needs for the survival and advancement in the United States 2. One Survival Program was called "Breakfast for Kids." This program was one of the most effective, it began from a church in San Francisco and spread, the program fed thousands of children throughout the party's history 3. Other services offered were: Clothing, classes about politics and economics, medical clinics, and lessons on self defense. 4. The first draft was adopted in 1966 and went through several revisions the last being finished in 1972, near the end of the Black Panther Party. 5. The Ten Point Program was also adopted by White Panther Party, The Young Lords Party, and The Brown Berets.

33 men: inside the miraculous survival and dramatic rescue of the Chilean miners Essay

At any one particular time when communicating it is of paramount importance to understand first your audience. For effective communication to take place, the number one issue to determine is the public that you have so that you can send the right message to them and enhance clear understanding of the information one is communicating (Rai 2009). Communication should be audience-centered always in terms of their needs, state of mind, status and the environment in which information is taking place. Understanding of the public cannot be ignored at all especially in the case where a business is passing information concerning the disaster. In the Chilean incident where the mine collapsed on Aug 5, 2010 leaving 33 mine workers were trapped underground, the incident finally left all the trapped workers alive. After the occurrence of the incident before information could be made to the other company workers, the neighborhood, the family of those trapped underground, the public and the world at large some issues ought to be taken into consideration (Franklin 2011). The ones communicating this information must understand the different people in the audience, their different roles and state of mind. There is also a dire need to try and estimate the effect the information will have on the public and thus be able to device the best way or mechanism to pass over to the public. Putting into consideration the above elements will go a long way into ensuring that the information being put across is well received as intended. The very key consideration in the Chilean case is humanitarianism or showing much care, understanding and a strong determination to bring the incidence to standard. In addition, this is aimed at trying to identify with the public, their feelings and hopes. The family of those affected should be the center focus since the person trapped in the ground is probably the main bread-winner of the family. Colleagues or fellow mine workers also ought to be put into consideration especially given that this is the conditions of their work. The country and the world at large should be considered also given it will also be in sad and curious moment awaiting the outcome of these ‘breaking news.’ The information being communicated should address the likely needs and demands of the miners kith and kin and thus instill calmness in them as they receive the information. These needs may range from moral support, precise, correct and clear information regarding the rescue process and its progress. Their financial need should also be addressed in a way by the information they receive especially by the understanding that they depend on the ones who are trapped underground in the soil. They primarily want to know how bad the situation is, what caused the whole incident and how deep are their loved ones below the ground. In addition, can their loved ones breathe well, access water and food, how many are they in total down there underground (Barra 2011). Also, they will have a deep longing to questions such as how will they get out, what is being done to remove them out, who is it or which authority is involved in digging them out from the underground trap and duration likely to be spen t to dig them out. These important issues and concerns amongst many others on the side the family will help the one delivering the message greatly in terms of delivering what is of the essence to the listener or the public in this case being the family of the miners or the relatives of the miners. The messenger should thus understand these issues and concerns so as to adjust the information to suit the receiver or the public by addressing their potential needs. The employees of the mine being the original occupants of that environment as their working environment and more importantly the fact that those trapped in the mines are their co-workers and colleagues. They employees are thus entitled to receive the information probably before many other parties receive it. The information they receive should address their needs such as how can they help in the rescue process of their colleagues, the way to go about in supporting their colleagues and their colleague’s families: morally; financially and physically. Their need will also be to understand whether there is any precaution they can take to prevent the occurrence of such a situation as the rescue process goes on or something they can do to a certain barrier in the rescue process. Proper action must be taken after the information is published to ensure that the company is not perceived in a bad light. However, ensure that the information is received as was initially intended and that the public can receive the information correctly. The number one secret towards ensuring that the information is received as intended is to take necessary action to reinforce the published information. This actions may range from the other employees of the company demonstrating support and commitment physically and both morally and financially to the affected workers and their families (Barra 2011). The other important action to do is showing the positive progress of the rescue process and the strong determination to rescue the people trapped under the ground through the media such as by giving a live TV footage The company should consider releasing information in two ways. Firstly, it should be releasing the information to the families of the trapped workers. â€Å"Chilean mine is going through hard times as some of its very diligent employees numbering thirty-three in total are trapped underground in the mine during a mineral extraction trip. The authorities concerned in the rescue process arrived on time, and the rescue process is progressing on well. Maximum effort has been put forward to rescue the trapped workers. We want to assure everyone that the workers are alive, but shaken through electronic communication gadget. We highly regret the occurrence of the incident, but at the mean time we are very hopeful that the rescue process will be over in a short while.† The most appropriate channel of communicating the information to the families of the workers is face to face communication and thus the company should choose representatives to take the information to the families of those affected. These representatives chosen by the company to pass this information should be very cautious and handle with great care the information they are releasing in order to secure the company’s reputation, they should ensure that the information is truthful, precise and accurate. The second way of releasing information should be to the workers of the company that is internally within the business, the company should communicate to the workers in such as this manner. â€Å"We highly regret the accidental happening at our mine, some of our very valuable colleagues are trapped in the mine, and this necessitates a call to everyone to come up strongly and offer ourselves to offer the necessary assistance in the rescue process (Franklin 2011). Let’s demonstrate our loyalty and to our company and concern to our colleagues by supporting them and their families physically and both financially and morally. And also by bringing order, control and calmness to the whole situation hoping that at last everyone trapped will soon be rescued alive and well† The best approach to deliver the information to other workers is through the memo placed in strategic places, in the business of which it will be a matter of minutes for everyone in the company to see. As a wrap, up, creative writing is vey key in writing especially in regard to addressing the public concerns and needs especially in regard to releasing information regarding the disaster in an organization. References Aronson, M. (2011). Trapped: how the world rescued 33 miners from 2,000 feet below the Chilean desert. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers. Barra, F., & Antofagasta, C. (2011). Let’s talk ore deposits: proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial SGA Meeting, Antofagasta, Chile, 26-29 September 2011. Antofagasta, Chile: Ediciones Universidad CatoÃÅ' lica del Norte. Franklin, J. (2011). 33 men: inside the miraculous survival and dramatic rescue of the Chilean miners. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons. Rai, U., & Rai, S. M. (2009). Business communication. Mumbai [India: Himalaya Pub. House. Source document

New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts

Unit 3: New Directions – Exploration, Expansion, Society, and the Arts Chapters 15 & Palmer Study Guide Part I Identifying Key Terms Notable People * Prince Henry the Navigator: Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal developed a school of merchant and sailor to prepare them for exploration. He supported the exploration of the West African coastline and later controlled the flow of gold to Europe. * Christopher Columbus: After Vasco da Gama reached India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope, Columbus decided to just sail West without knowing the presence of the â€Å"New World. His landing in the Caribbean in 1492 ushered in the era of European exploration and domination of the New World. * Bartholomew Diaz: In 1488, Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope and returned back to Portugal without reaching India. His journey gave motivation for Vasco da Gama to round the Cape of Good Hope and reach India. * Hernando Cortez: In 1521 Hernando Courts conquers the Mexica (Aztec) E mpire by convincing the natives that he was the God. He used the encomienda system which was a disguised form of slavery. Bartolome de las Casas: de las Casas, a former conquistador, publicly criticized the ruthlessness with which Columbus and his successors treated the Amerindians. * Michel de Montaigne * Giovanni Bernini * Francisco Pizarro: Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in 1533. He used the encomienda system which was a disguised form of slavery. * Ferdinand Magellan: In 1519 Magellan proves the world round and the world is a lot bigger than expected by circumnavigating the globe. He convinces the Spanish to give up gaining power in the spice trade. Vasco da Gama: Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut, India in 1498 and launches the Portuguese military expansion. His motives for his journey to India were â€Å"Christians and spices. † * Fuggers: Fuggers were on of the banking families like the Medicis who used usury, change in high interests, to gain money and power. Later, the Fuggers were replaced by state banks in Holland. Terms and Events * Columbian Exchange: Both Europe and the New world were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred between tow regions.For Europeans, the Columbian exchange resulted in improved diet, increased wealth, and the rise of global empires. * Conquistadors * Encomienda: Encomienda system was a system in which the Amerindians worked for an owner for certain number of days per week. Spain’s ability to forcibly utilize Amerindian labor was a major reason why the Spanish Empire imported few slaves form Africa. * Joint-stock company: Joint stock companies allowed investors to pool resources for a common purpose. One successful example is the Dutch E. India Company. Price Revolution: The price revolution occurred due to population growth, increase in volume of money, and the influx of gold and silver from New World. The middle class (merchant, bankers, etc) benefited from the price revolution and prospered. * Treaty of Tordesillas: The treaty divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. It gave Spain the exclusive right to the African slave trade (asiento). * Mercantilism: Nations sought a self-sufficient economy by creating a favorable balance of trade where one’s country exported far more than it imported. Triangular trade: The rianglular trade developed form the Columbian Exchange that links Africa, the New World, and Europe by trade. Both Europe and the New world were transformed as a result of the Age of Exploration and the exchanges that occurred. * Middle Passage * Malleus Maleficarum * Dutch East India Company: The Company, founded in 1602, founded settlement in South Africa, took over many Portuguese trading posts, and seized Malaca in 1641. It was one of the first joint stock companies and was the beginning of capitalism. Bank of Amsterdam: * London Stock Exchange: * â€Å"Old Imperialism†: The old imperialism is characte rized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations. It benefited the mother countries in Europe because the colonies provided raw materials which could be manufacture and sold for profit. * Entrepreneur * Commercial Revolution: The commercial revolution is a five century economic transition from feudalism to industrial capitalism.Major aspects were commercialization of industry, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. * Putting Out System * Usury: Usury is where a banking family puts extremely high interest on loans to gain money. However, usury was abolished when individual banks were replaced by state banks. Part II Review Quesitons 1. Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion at the end of the fifteenth century? Europeans began to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion for political, economic, and religious reasons.One of the primary motives was the T urkish dominance of Mediterranean because Turks controlled the trade material price. Another reason was Portugal’s curiosity about the unknown and the eagerness to find the Ethiopian kingdom of Prester John. As the phrase â€Å"God, glory, and gold† states, the main reasons were to conquest Muslims, find gold and silver, and glorify oneself. 2. How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their empires differ? 3. How did European expansion affect both the conquerors and the conquered? . What was mercantilism, and what was its relationship to colonial empires? In mercantilism, nations sought a self-sufficient economy by creating a favorable balance of trade where one’s country exported far more than it imported. The mother nations used the colonies to acquire raw materials and used the raw materials and produced manufactured goods. The mother nations benefited from the colonies hrough raw materials, gold, and much more. The colonies also served as markets for finished goods where the mother nations gained profit. 5.What was the relationship between European overseas expansion and political, economic, and social developments in Europe? 6. What was the social status of women between 1560-1648, and what do the witch hunts tell us about social attitudes toward women? 7. What is skepticism? Why did faith and religious certainty begin to come to an end in the first part of the seventeenth century? 8. Explain how advances in learning and technology influenced fifteenth and sixteenth century European exploration and trade. Advances in learning and technology allowed European exploration and trade to happen without many troubles.Caravels that had triangular lateen sails and the sternpost rudder and used wind speed to move allowed the Europeans to travel through the Atlantic Ocean. With less human labor, more cargo space opened up for trade goods to be shipped. Astrolabe, the use of stars or the sun to travel, explorers were able to know the approximate location of their ship in the middle of ocean. Cartography and learning Atlantic wind patterns enhanced the easiness and accuracy of the journey. 9. Explain the reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power in the period 1550-1650.Two political reasons for the rise of the Netherlands as a leading commercial power are the support from merchant oligarchies of autonomous provinces and the Iberian neglect of domestic economy. Because Spain didn’t expand its manufacturing industries, Spain had to give all its gold and silver to pay for their imports. On the other hand, Netherlands developed its service industries such as manufacturing and banking which enhanced the economy. Netherlands had the largest merchant marine in Europe that could protect the ships with goods from attacks by pirates and other nations.Because Netherlands was the haven for religious exiles, the Calvinist Protestant work Ethic spread. 10. Describe the cause s of the â€Å"price revolution† and the effect of this period of inflation upon European society. Price revolution was the period of gradual inflation due to population growth, increase in volume of money, and influx of gold and silver from the New World. As the population increased, the demand for goods also increased, which led to increasing prices. Nobles who had fixed income were negatively affected by the price revolution.However, the middle class (bourgeoisie) who acquired much of their wealth from trading and manufacturing increased their social and political status. The peasants or the poor who didn’t have enough income suffered the most from the inflation and increasing prices of goods. 11. Describe the differences between Spanish and Portuguese exploration in the sixteenth century and English and Dutch exploration in the seventeenth century. 12. Describe the reasons behind King Charles I’s decision to begin the African slave trade. Las Casas who criti cized the encomienda system urged Spanish crown to find a new source of labor other than the natives.The sugarcane plantations in the Caribbean and South Africa required a backbreaking labor supply. In 1518, Charles I authorized first shipment of Africans to the New World in order to increase labor for sugarcane plantations. For King Charles, slaves were the only source of labor that could work and bring profit to his country. 13. Using at least two specific pieces of art, describe Baroque art. Who supported its development, and how was it both similar to and different from previous styles of art? 14. What are the defining characteristics of the Commercial Revolution?Three major aspects of the Commercial Revolution are commercialization of industry, new capitalistic ventures, and mercantilism. The commercialization of the cottage industry supported by national monarchs began to usurp the economic power held by guild and propel transition of the economy to industrial capitalism. The development of state/national banks, stock markets, and joint stock companies describe how people were interested in investment for profit. During the commercial revolution, new industries such as mining, shipbuilding, artillery, and printing developed. 5. What are the three factors that caused the further development of the Commercial Revolution during the early modern age? Three factors that furthered the growth of the Commercial revolution are opening of the Atlantic, population growth, and price revolution. The opening of the Atlantic allowed for greater trade and a global trade for the first time. Population growth during the 16th century meant increased production and increased profit. The price revolution which led to inflation decreased the power of nobilities and increased the power and status of bourgeoisies.Part III Chronological Awareness 1. Sack of Antwerp by Alexander Farnese 2. Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut in India 3. Dutch found New Amsterdam 4. Dutch seize Malacca from Portuguese 5. Portuguese capture Malacca from Muslims 6. English settlement at Jamestown 7. African slave trade begins 8. Treaty of Tordesillas 9. Pizarro defeats Incas in Peru 10. Opening of the Potosi mines Part IV Multiple Choice Practice 1. Which of the following is true about the commercial revolution in Europe? a. Most of the money used for overseas commercial venture came from European governments. b.Joint-stock companies provided the means for individual investor to profit from overseas commercial ventures. c. European nations willingly cooperated to prevent commercial rivalries in the New World. d. Private banking houses continued to be the standard financial institutions of the age of exploration. e. Most nations saw a reduction in tariffs and trade restrictions during the commercial revolution. 2. Which of the following is the underlying premise of mercantilism? a. Agriculture should be the backbone of the economy. b. Government intervention in the economy is detrim ental to its prosperity. c.There is a limited amount of bullion in the world, and the nation that controls the most will dominate politically and economically. d. Colonies are a waste of resources, and the money could be better spent on public transportation projects. e. Governments should work hard to prevent monopolies. 3. The Treaty of Tordesillas a. Set boundaries that divided New World colonization between the English and the French. b. Set boundaries that divided New World colonization between the Portuguese and the Spanish. c. Set boundaries that divided West Indian trade routes between the Dutch and the Portuguese. d.Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in China. e. Banned the Catholic Church from missionary activity in Japan. 4. All of the following were goals of Prince Henry the Navigator EXCEPT f. Seeking a Christian kingdom as an ally against the Muslims. g. Finding new trade opportunities for Portugal. h. Extending Christianity to the newly discovered reg ions. i. Buying slaves to ship to the New World. j. Wanting to explore the coast of Africa for Portugal. 5. Overseas trade and settlement in the seventeenth century was most clearly dominated by k. The Dutch. l. Portugal. m. Spain. n. England. o. France. 6.Which of the following is a TRUE statement about the means of overseas expansion during the age of exploration? p. The nations most heavily involved in overseas trade were those that had dominated trade during the medieval and Renaissance periods. q. Ptolemy’s world map quickly led explorers astray, and it wasn’t until Mercator made his famous map that sailors were able to venture to the New World. r. The invention of the quadrant allowed sailors to safely sail below the equator. s. In the late fifteenth century, most educated Europeans still thought the earth was flat and feared sailing until Columbus returned from his first voyage. . The growth of centralized monarchies during the Renaissance created governments th at had the means to support overseas expansion. 7. Why did the English, Dutch, and French governments fail to begin colonization of the Americas and direct trade with the Orient until more than 100 years after Columbus â€Å"discovered† America? u. Their geographical positions put them at a disadvantage for trans-oceanic movement. v. The northern countries lacked suitable ships and the advanced technology to make long voyages. w. Domestic troubles and religious controversies delayed organized action. x.Western European bankers refused to loan monarchs money for such ventures. y. The northerners were slow to abandon their traditional Mediterranean trade routes. 8. All of the following statements regarding the â€Å"Price Revolution† begun in Europe during the sixteenth century are true EXCEPT z. Workers’ wages increased to equal the rising standard of living. {. A steady rise in population added to consumer demand. |. Imports of gold and silver increased the mone y supply. }. The policies of the new monarchies included steady hikes in taxes. ~. The availability of bank credit increased business expansion and production. . Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties because a. sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutrition. b. they were concerned about scarcity of housing. c. they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family. d. the customs and mores of a society dominated by religion promoted sexual restraint. e. laws prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority. 10. Why did African slavery grow quickly in the Caribbean and South America in the sixteenth century? . As Europeans came to love tobacco, tobacco plantations demanded more slave labor. b. European realized that African slaved worked well with European slaves and, therefore, produced more cotton. c. The Spanish conquere d the Dutch colonies in the New World and began to use African slaves to cultivate coffee. d. Because rice was a staple in diets around the world, Europeans realized that they needed more slaves to produce larger quantities of it. e. Because of the European appetite for sugar, natures shipped African slaves in large numbers to the New World to work on sugar cane plantations.

Importance of Line or Staff Departments and Methods of Effecting Change Essay

Which type of department (line or staff) is most important to an organization? Why? Could an organization function without either of them? Why or why not? In every organization, authority is divided in order to make sure the firm is successful. This division ensures that no one department is responsible for everything. As an organization grows, there must be two departments that are given the authority to make decisions to benefit the firm. These are the Line department and the Staff department. While both have management authority, there are certain differences. Line departments â€Å"headed by a line manager, are the departments established to meet the objectives of the business and directly influence the success (profitability) of a business.† (Plunkett, Alan, Attner, 2013, Ch 7) These managers are on the frontline, responsible for producing goods, marketing and distribution. â€Å"Line managers who head such departments exercise line authority† (Plunkett, Alan, Attner, 2013, Ch 7) Staff departments â€Å"headed by a staff manager, provide assistance to the line departments and to each other.† (Plunkett, Alan, Attner, 2013, Ch 7) These managers are there for support, giving advice, service and assistance. Examples of staff departments may include: the I.T. department, legal or Human recourses. While not directly contributing to the firm’s objectives, they are there to lend a helping hand. In my experience, it is the line department that is most important to the success and profitability of the company. While it may be agued that without the staff department one couldn’t market and sell the goods and services produced by the line department. But it is ultimately it is the line department that generates the revenue to sustain the company and there fore is most important. Granted that one cannot function without the other, and it is that synergy that ensures longevity and further success of the organization. Discuss three (3) different methods of effecting change. Why are most organizations and individuals resistant to change? What can managers do to facilitate change? Use practical examples from your experience or knowledge,  and describe your experience in implementing change. Effecting change in one’s environment can be a daunting task. Many individuals are reluctant to change and react differently when it occurs. â€Å"Most will accept the need to learn new skills and update their knowledge, but most resent efforts to change their attitudes† (Plunkett, Alan, Attner, 2013, Ch 8) To solve this problem Kurt Lewin developed a three-step approach that consists of three phases, unfreezing, change, and refreezing. In the first step unfreezing, mangers must identify and discover the source or cause of the deficient behavior. â€Å"They confront the individual with the behavior and the problem it causes; they then begin to convince the him or her to change by suggesting methods and offering incentives.† (Plunkett, Alan, Attner, 2013, Ch 8) This step is the foundation to helping the insubordinate employee open up an discuss why this deficient behavior is occurring. Often time this causes the employee to become emotional and upset. The second step change, the employee discomfort increases. This will cause the employee to question their reasons for their conduct, it is then that the manager has the chance to provide a role model to foster the preferred behavior. â€Å"As the individual adopts that behavior, performance will improve; but the manager must support and reinforce that behavior if it is to last.† (Plunkett, Alan, Attner, 2013, Ch 8) In the third step refreezing, new desired behaviors should be rewarded. Frequent praise at first is important for the continuation of preferred behaviors. Also, if any incentive was promised, then it must be honored. Failure to do so will cause a reversion to old deficient behavior and the manager would have to start again. In my experience, cold calling is a requirement to draw up business. Earlier last year, sales were down. An increase in production was needed to boost our P&L, so management enforced mandatory call nights. Each employee was given a list of clients to set appointments. Many of the veteran  employees saw this as a waste of time, and although they attended, did little or no work. Management sat with each of these employees individually to figure out what the cause of the issue was. Management created a reward system in which the employee with the most booked appointments gets a free lunch the next day and the employee with the most booked business from these appointments gets to take off the next two Mondays. This incentive had everyone dialing clients consistently and business increased dramatically. To reinforce these behaviors, a scoreboard was put up and the leading 5 employees numbers were updated weekly. Giving a competitive twist to this approach really helped motivation for pr oduction, especially in sales. References Plunkett, R. W., Allen, S. G., & Attner, F. R. (2013). Ch 7 Organizing Principles, Ch 8 Organizational Design, Culture and Change . Management: meeting and exceeding customer expectations (10th ed., ). : Mason, OH :. Footnotes 1[Add footnotes, if any, on their own page following references. For APA formatting requirements, it’s easy to just type your own footnote references and notes. To format a footnote reference, select the number and then, on the Home tab, in the Styles gallery, click Footnote Reference. The body of a footnote, such as this example, uses the Normal text style. (Note: If you delete this sample footnote, don’t forget to delete its in-text reference as well. That’s at the end of the sample Heading 2 paragraph on the first page of body content in this template.)